创客教育的思想流变与实践进路——兼论“创中学”对“做中学”和“发现学习”的超越  

The Evolution of Ideas and Practical Approaches in Maker Education--The Transcendence of“Learning by Making”over“Learning by Doing”and“Learning by Discovery”

作　　者：陈荣[1] 陈增照[1] 王世娟 CHEN Rong;CHEN Zengzhao;WANG Shijuan

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学人工智能教育学部,湖北武汉430079

出　　处：《现代远程教育研究》2020年第6期16-22,共7页Modern Distance Education Research

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费项目“结构主义视域下人工智能辅助创客教师发展性评价研究”(2019CXZZ015);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目“虚拟学伴影响学生创造力的认知神经机制研究”(CCNU19ZN015)。

摘　　要：从历史纵深的视角来考察创客教育的思想流变和实践进路,可以发现,创客教育思想流变经历了从“做中学”到“发现学习”、再到“创中学”的“三段论”,而“工程实践”与“智能造物”又构成了创客教育实践进路的“二重奏”。具体而言,杜威的“做中学”是创客教育最早的思想源头,但其在实践中却面临“有做但没有学”的挑战。布鲁纳的“发现学习”为创客教育提供了科学基础,试图超越“做中学”中“有做但没有学”的问题,然而其在教学应用中却步入了“重认知轻技能”的歧路。而佩伯特最终用“创中学”的新理论,统合了“做中学”和“发现学习”,形成了今日创客教育实践的核心理念,有效实现了既动手又动脑、既有做也有学、手脑协调、做学共进的目标。依循创中学的新框架,创客教育将沿着“工程实践”与“智能造物”的交互进路持续向前,在统合作为科学理论与技术方法的创客工程的基础上,力图以造物实践拨动学生心灵的琴弦,以此不断推动21世纪教育的改革与创新。From the historical perspective,we can find that the ideological evolution and practical approach of maker education have experienced a syllogism from“Learning by Doing”to“Learning by Discovery”and then to“Learning by Making”,and“engineering practice”and“intelligent creation”constitute the approach of maker education practice.Specifically,Dewey’s“Learning by Doing”is the earliest ideological source of maker education,but it faces the challenge of“doing but not learning”in practice.Bruner’s“Learning by Discovery”provides a scientific basis for maker education,trying to transcend the problem of“doing but not learning”in“Learning by Doing”,but it has stepped into the“emphasis on cognition and neglect of skills”in teaching applications.Seymour Papert finally used the new theory of“Learning by Making”which integrates“Learning by Doing”and“Learning by Discovery”to form the core concept of today’s maker education practice,realizing the goal of both hands-on and minds-on,both doing and learning,hand-brain coordination,and doing and learning together.Following the new framework of“Learning by Making”,maker education will continue to move forward along the interactive approach of“engineering practice”and“intelligent creation”.On the basis of the maker project that integrates scientific theories and technical methods,maker education strives to practice with creation to pluck the strings of the students’hearts,and so as to continuously promote the reform and innovation of education in the 21st century.

关 键 词：创客教育 思想流变 实践进路 做中学 发现学习 创中学 

分 类 号：G434[文化科学—教育学]