从实践的观点重审康德的先验自由——兼论实践与理论的区分  

Re-examination on Kant's Transcendental Freedom from a Practical Perspective-On the Distinction Between Practice and Theory

作　　者：孙小玲 Sun Xiaoling(Department of Philosophy,Nanchang University,Nanchang 330031,China)

机构地区：[1]南昌大学哲学系,南昌330031

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2020年第6期1-9,共9页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家社科一般项目“康德的自由观及其现象学诠释”(项目批准号:18BZX091)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：文章认为在先验自由及其与道德的关系问题上,康德的著作中包含了两条不同的路径。其一是从思辨到实践的路径,《道德形而上学奠基》中演绎的失败显明了这一路径必然遭遇的困境。其二是《实践理性批判》中的道德路径,依循这一路径,先验自由首先是个道德而非思辨的概念,是道德必要的预设,并且仅仅在道德行为中获得其肯定意义。文章认为,这两种路径之所以交织于康德的著作中是因为康德对实践与理论的区分缺乏清晰性与恰当性,这又与康德过度的形而上学意向相关。所以,文章试图以第二路径取代第一路径,以便澄清先验自由的意义及其与其他自由概念的关系,并部分地回应对康德自由理论的质疑。This essay holds that on the issue of the transcendental freedom and its relationship with morality,Kant's writings contain two different paths,one is from the path of theoretical speculation to practice,and the failure of the deduction of the moral law in The Foundation Metaphysics of Morals shows the inevitable predicament of this path.The second is the moral path in the Critique of Practical Reason.Along this path transcendental freedom is first and foremost a moral rather than speculative concept.It is the necessary presupposition of morality,and only obtains its positive meaning in moral actions.The essay shows that the two paths are interwoven in Kant's writings because Kant's distinction between practice and theory lacks clarity and adequacy,which is partly attributable to Kant's excessive metaphysical intention.Therefore,the essay tries to replace the first path with the second path in order to clarify the meaning of transcendental freedom and its relationship with other conceptions of freedom and also respond to various criticisms of Kant's theory of freedom.

关 键 词：先验自由 道德法则 理性行动者 

分 类 号：B82-02[哲学宗教—伦理学]