国家认同的建构:秦“以吏为师”政策的历史考察  

Construction of National Identify:A Historical Investigation on the Policy of“Official as Teachers”in the Qin Dynasty

作　　者：李雅雯 Li Yawen

机构地区：[1]青岛大学历史学院,山东省青岛市266071 [2]中国人民大学国学院,北京市100872

出　　处：《政治学研究》2020年第5期65-76,M0003,M0004,共14页CASS Journal of Political Science

摘　　要：“以吏为师”是秦帝国发展史上一项极具特色的文化政策,备受学界瞩目。综观过往研究,学界对“以吏为师”政策的渊源与负面影响多有探讨,而对其背后的政治意图却鲜有考察。在兼并战争时期,社会治理层面的“以吏为师”与整合社会风俗,消弭新黔首与秦人之间的心理隔阂有关,关乎秦国本土与征服地政治秩序的统合。秦甫一统,“以吏为师”则转型为一项文化专制政策。秦王朝通过限制儒家思想和民间私学发展,拆解以民间私学为支撑的社会网络,实现了思想文化的统一以及基层社会秩序的整合。在这两个历史阶段中,秦“以吏为师”政策的最终目标都是实现国家认同的建构。从秦二世而亡的结果来看,这一政策未能达到预期的效果。汉朝以降,“以吏为师”的传统为儒家士大夫继承与修正,形成了“亦师亦吏”的循吏群体,对中国古代政治文化产生了深远影响。“Official as Teachers”was a characteristic political and cultural policy in the history of the Qin Empire.It draws a lot of attention in the academic circle.Previous studies show that most scholars focused on discussing the origin and negative influence of the policy“Officials as Teachers”,but they rarely mentioned its political intentions.During the period of merging wars,on the level of grassroots social governance,this policy was closely linked to the unified social customs and the remove of the misunderstanding between new residents and the Qin people,which touched on the ruling order of the state and conquests of Qin.As soon as Qin unified China,this policy was transformed into a cultural despotism.The Qin Dynasty realized the unification of ideology and the integration of civil order by cracking down on private learning and civil society network.During the two phases,the ultimate goal of Qin's policy is to realize the construction of national identity.The policy of“Officials as Teachers”in the Qin Dynasty failed to have the desired effect,which could be judged from the results of the death of the second emperor of the Qin Dynasty.Since the Han Dynasty,the tradition of“Officials as Teachers”had been inherited and amended by Confucian scholar-officials,forming a group of officials who followed the officials“as well as teachers and officials”,which had a profound influence on the ancient Chinese political culture.

关 键 词：秦 以吏为师 国家认同 社会治理 文化专制 

分 类 号：K233[历史地理—历史学] D691[历史地理—中国史]