《缁衣》中儒家礼学的“德”概念  

The “Virtue” (De) Concept of Confucian Etiquette in Guodian’s Black Robes

作　　者：郭静云 GUO Jing-yun(Department of History,Chung Cheng University,Jiayi 62102,China)

机构地区：[1]台湾中正大学历史学系,中国台湾嘉义62102

出　　处：《齐鲁学刊》2021年第1期5-12,共8页Qilu Journal

摘　　要：在出土版本《缁衣》第廿章孔子语录中,孔子所提的“德”,乃是礼制国家长久运行的基础。统治者“公赐”才符合“德”的行为,此乃使受赐者不会自己用所受,而是将其作为敬献分享给子孙、臣属以及祖先。通过这种互相敬献之行为,整合社会结构而使国家达致治理。至于统治者的私惠,其不像公赐那样含“德”,所以对于国家之事不起作用。不过,孔子所言并没有彻底否定私行的恩惠,只是表达这种方法不符合国家的管理。《缁衣》中“私”和“公”的关系并非如后期汉帝国对臣属要求忘私为公的那样,并非要求全面扫除人们私下、亲近的来往,这种要求根本不符合先秦儒家的“内礼”。先秦儒家反而强调,不能为了国家而放弃私家。所以《缁衣》第廿章的意思不在于否定人们的私交,而在于强调礼制德政。This article introduces a new understanding of Confucius’s quotations after studying Chapter 20 of the unearthed version of Black Robes(Zi Yi).Here,the“virtue”mentioned by Confucius is the foundation for the long-term ceremonial administration of the country.The“gong ci”(public gifts)action of a ruler is in line with“de”(virtuous)behavior,and is intended to inspire the recipient not to use up what he has received,but share it with great respect to his descendants,subjects and ancestors.Through this act of mutual respect,the whole society is reconciled,and the country achieves good governance.As for private interests of the ruler,they do not contain“virtue”like the public gifts,and therefore have no effect on state affairs.However,Confucius’words do not amount to a complete denial of personal favors,but to a mere expression of undesirability of this method in state governance.The relationship between“si”(private)and“gong”(public)in Black Robes is not identical to the requirements of the Han Dynasty of subjects to forgo the private in favor of the public.This requirement does not conform to the principle of“Inner Etiquette”(nei li)in pre-Qin Confucianism.On the contrary,the pre-Qin Confucianism emphasized that the private cannot be abandoned for the sake of the country.Therefore,the twentieth chapter of Black Robes is not about denying personal relationships between people,but about emphasizing etiquette and morality.

关 键 词：先秦儒家 楚简 《缁衣》 德 公私 

分 类 号：B222[哲学宗教—中国哲学]