董仲舒“天人合一”的“理性”内核与制衡精神  

Rational Spirit and Power Restrain in Dong Zhongshu’s Theory of the“Unity of Heaven and Man”

作　　者：黄朴民[1] 李櫹璐 HUANG Pumin;LI Xiaolu(School of Chinese Classics,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国学院,北京100872

出　　处：《衡水学院学报》2021年第2期20-27,共8页Journal of Hengshui University

摘　　要：中西历史文明自前轴心时代开始,就进入了有所差异的路径。与西方的政治二元结构不同,商周以来,政治统治上的重心就落实到一元结构,秦汉帝国时代以降,这种结构性特征更趋于强化。其正面意义不容否定,但弊端的存在也是事实。如何制约专制君主权力的无限膨胀,在帝国权力运作中达到适当的平衡,是一个重要的挑战。如果将董仲舒的“天人合一”理论置放在这个历史文化大背景下进行考察,可以发现这一理论的意义在于政治宗旨的合理性,它在形式上不无荒诞神秘的色彩,但就内涵实质来说,却建立在理性的坚实基础之上。董仲舒回归更古老的传统,向早期的“天人感应”理论库中寻觅工具,通过“天人合一”的论证与阐释,以“天”的名义,将道德伦理置于君权之上,将道统、天统置于君统、政统之上,借以约束与制衡君主的权力,即以神权限制君权,对汉武帝时代的酷吏政治、多欲政治进行迂回性的批评。从这个意义上说,董仲舒的“天人合一”理论,是理性精神的体现,不无积极的政治智慧与思想启迪。The Chinese and Western historical civilizations have entered a different path since the pre-axis era.Different from the duality of Western politics,the unitary politics in China has been the focus since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and tended to be strengthened since the Qin and Han Dynasties.There is no denying that this unitary politics is positively significant but it is also a fact that it has its own drawbacks.How to restrain the unlimited expansion of the monarchical power to achieve a proper balance in the imperial system is a great challenge.If Dong Zhongshu’s theory of the“unity of heaven and man”is examined in this historical and cultural contexts,it can be found that its significance lies in its rationality of political purposes.Although it appears to be absurd and mysterious in form,in essence,it is based on reason.Dong Zhongshu turned back to ancient traditions and searched early theories like the“telepathy between heaven and man”.Through the argument and interpretation of the“unity of heaven and man”and in the name of“heaven”,he placed morality and ethics above the monarchical power,and Confucian orthodoxy and natural law above the monarchy and political system to restrain and balance the monarchical power,that is,to restrain the monarchical power with theocratic power,and make a roundabout criticism of the cruel and lustful politics in the period of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty.In this sense,Dong Zhongshu’s theory of the“unity of heaven and man”is the embodiment of rational spirit,which is of positive political wisdom and ideological enlightenment.

关 键 词：董仲舒 天人合一 汉代政治 理性主义 

分 类 号：B234.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]