苏联解体后俄罗斯高等教育结构体系变革  

Structural Changes in Russian Higher Education Since the Collapse of the Soviet Union

作　　者：刘淑华[1,2] 朱思晓 LIU Shuhua;ZHU Sixiao(College of Education,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学教育学院,浙江杭州310058 [2]浙江大学国际教育研究中心

出　　处：《外国教育研究》2021年第3期87-103,共17页Studies in Foreign Education

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“公立高等教育问责运行机制研究”(项目批准号:17BGL171)。

摘　　要：1991年苏联解体以来,俄罗斯高等教育结构体系发生了且正在发生着深刻变革,已经远远走出我们所熟悉的苏联时期的轮廓:在层次结构上,它逐渐改变技能专家—研究生两级结构,越来越走向国际通用的学士—硕士—研究生/副博士结构;在形式结构上,改变清一色国立高等教育局面,私立高等教育异军突起,形成国立和私立共同发展的双轨型办学形式结构,同时,非全日制教育地位不断下降,全日制教育比重上升;在类别结构上,国立高校综合化趋势明显,综合性大学上升为国立高校的主体,同时体现职能划分的高等学校金字塔结构业已形成;在科类结构上,工科类高校及其招收人数下降,而人文社会科学类已占相当比重。Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991,Russian higher education system has undergone and is undergoing profound structural changes,which have made it very different from that of the Soviet era:Firstly,in terms of hierarchical structure,it gradually changes the two-level structure of skilled expert-graduate student,and increasingly moves towards the internationally common three-level structure of bachelor-master-graduate student/associate doctor. Secondly,with regard to the formal structure,private higher education came into being and has been developing very quickly,a dual-track school-running structure was formed. Meanwhile,the status of part-time education is declining,while the proportion of full-time education is rising. Thirdly,in terms of type structure,there is an obvious trend of the integration of state-owned institutions,the comprehensive universities have risen to the leading category. And a pyramid of higher educational institutions with different levels and functions has been formed. Lastly,in terms of discipline structure,the number of engineering universities and their enrollment has declined,while the humanities and social sciences universities have accounted for a considerable proportion.

关 键 词：俄罗斯 高等教育 层次结构 形式结构 类型结构 科类结构 

分 类 号：G619.1[文化科学—学前教育学] G511.2[文化科学—教育学]