天吏:孟子的超越观念及其政治关切——孟子思想的系统还原  

The Official Appointed by Heaven:Mencius'Concept of Transcendence and Its Concern for Politics-A Systematic Restoration of Mencius'Thoughts

作　　者：黄玉顺[1] Huang Yushun

机构地区：[1]山东大学儒家文明省部共建协同创新中心,山东济南250100

出　　处：《文史哲》2021年第3期86-103,253,254,共20页Literature,History,and Philosophy

摘　　要：孟子的超越观念并非"内在超越",而是继承了孔子"外在超越"的神圣之"天"。这根源于孟子的问题意识,即对人民水深火热处境的关怀所引出的对政治权力的批判,由此导出"规训权力"的根本宗旨。这在逻辑上必须满足以下三个条件:第一是规训者的确立,他必须具有对于权力的价值优越性,于是孟子树立了拥有"天爵"的"天吏"即"王者师"形象,而这又需满足以下第二、第三两个条件;第二是规训者的先天资质,即必须具有与权力者同等的天然禀赋,于是孟子创立了"天民"心性论(这是诱发后儒内在超越转向的根由),在人性层面上破除社会等级观念;第三是规训者的后天资质,即必须是同类中的优异者,以保证其规训资格,于是孟子建构了"劳心劳力"论与"先觉后觉"论及境界功夫论。以上三个条件的共同的支撑条件,则是必须坚持超越之"天"的外在性与神圣性。但上述这一切却与孟子的君臣伦理和臣属意识相矛盾,使其"得志行道"的理想沦为幻象。Mencius' concept of transcendence was not “immanent transcendence”, but inherited the Heaven ofConfucius' “external transcendence”. This was rooted in Mencius' problem consciousness, that is, hisfundamental purpose of the discipline on the power that was derived from his criticism of the political powerwhich was caused by his care for the situation of the people in deep distress. However, this must meet thefollowing three conditions logically. The first is the identification of the disciplinarian who must have the valuesuperiority to the power, so Mencius set up an image of “the official by Heaven” or “the teacher of king” whohas “the nobility from Heaven”. And this must further meet the two following conditions. The second is theinborn quality of the disciplinarian who must have the same natural endowment as the power-holder, so Menciusoriginated the Mind-Nature theory of “people of Heaven” which broke the concept of the social hierarchy on thelevel of human nature. The third is the acquired quality of the disciplinarian who must be the outstanding personof the same kind so as to guarantee the qualification of discipline, so Mencius constructed the theories of mental worker and manual worker, the awaking man and the awaked man, and the self-cultivating effort for thespiritual level. However, the common supporting condition of the above three conditions is that he must adhereto the externality and sacredness of the transcendent Heaven. Nevertheless, the antinomy between all of theabove and Mencius' “ethics of monarch and subject” and “courtier consciousness” turned his ideal toimplementing Dao when achieving ambition into an illusion.

关 键 词：孟子 儒家 神圣超越 政治关切 天吏 

分 类 号：B222.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]