论张载的“德性之知”  

Zhang Zai’s Concept of the ’Knowledge of Moral Nature’

作　　者：沈顺福[1] 王晓农(译) Shen Shunfu;Wang Xiaonong(the Advanced Institute for Confucian Studies at Shandong University;the School of Foreign Languages at Ludong University)

机构地区：[1]山东大学儒学高等研究院,山东济南250100 [2]the School of Foreign Languages at Ludong University

出　　处：《孔学堂》2021年第1期71-82,I0049-I0059,共23页Confucian Academy

摘　　要：张载相信天地万物合为一体,即天人一物。这个生命体的本源与主宰便是天地之心。心又叫做性。主宰宇宙的天地之心便是天地之性。对人而言,人类天生的气质之性具有不确定性。它需要变化。变化气质的方法便是将气与太虚相结合。绝对的太虚具有超越性。气质之性,经与超越性太虚相结合之后便转化为德性或天地之性。德性是合乎天理的人性。正确的生存便是尽德性。尽德性便是德性之知。德性之知是一种扩充善良气质的活动。这个扩充过程便是仁。仁便是成就德性。过程便是道。道即仁。仁义因此充斥于人间、弥漫于宇宙。这便是儒家的理想国。Zhang Zai believes that Heaven,Earth,and the myriad things are integrated as one,and their source and master is the mind of Heaven and Earth.This mind is also called nature,so the mind of Heaven and Earth is the same as the nature of Heaven and Earth.Since human innate physical nature is subject to uncertainty,it requires transformation.Zhang Zai’s approach to transforming physical nature is to integrate material force and the Great Vacuity.The Great Vacuity in its absolute sense is transcendent.When integrated with the Great Vacuity,physical nature will transform itself into moral nature or the nature of Heaven and Earth.Moral nature refers to human nature in accord with the Heavenly principle.So one’s right way of existence is to develop one’s moral nature fully to the utmost.The knowledge of moral nature is an activity which enlarges the goodness in one’s physical nature,and this enlargement process constitutes humanity.Humanity fosters moral nature through practicing the Way.Hence the Way is humanity,and in this sense humanity and righteousness fill the world and pervade the cosmos.This is a Confucian utopia.

关 键 词：张载 仁 德性道 

分 类 号：B244.4[哲学宗教—中国哲学]