招生考试改革的鉴古知今——“唯分数”与“唯升学”问题的历史探究  

Drawing Lessons from Ancient Times in the Reform of College Admissions:A Historical Investigation into "Scores Only" and "College Enrollment Rates Only"

作　　者：刘海峰[1] 韦骅峰 Liu Haifeng;Wei Huafeng(Imperial Examination and Examination Research,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058;College of Education,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学科举学与考试研究中心,杭州310058 [2]浙江大学教育学院,杭州310058

出　　处：《教育研究》2021年第5期86-100,共15页Educational Research

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究2020年度重大课题攻关项目“高校考试招生改革引导学生德智体美劳全面发展研究”(项目编号:20JZD050)的研究成果。

摘　　要：对"唯分数"与"唯升学"问题进行历史探究,发现"唯分数"、"唯升学"问题不仅是当代出现的问题,而且是中国人才选拔中的千古难题。从隋唐到明清1300年间,科举时代的人才选拔标准,经历了一个从"不唯分数"到"唯分数"的演变过程。在中国高考史上,"唯分数"、"唯升学"的一种表现形式是"片面追求升学率"。20世纪90年代以后,对"应试教育"的批判逐渐取代对"片面追求升学率"的批判。破除"唯分数"、"唯升学",应探索招考改革促使学生德智体美劳全面发展,把握好分数"唯"与"不唯"间合理的度。未来高考改革在走向综合评价、多元录取的过程中,分数会一直存在。破除"唯分数"、"唯升学"具有长期性和艰巨性,破解之道须从长计议。A historical instigation into the problems of "scores only" and "college enrollment rates only" reveals that these problems do not merely exist in modern times,but have actually remained long-standing problems in the selection of talents in China. The criteria for talent selection in the imperial civil examinations era,which ranged from the Sui(581-618)and Tang(618-907)dynasties to the Ming(1368-1644)and Qing(1644-1911)dynasties,evolved from "not scores only" into "scores only." In the history of China’s college entrance examinations, "scores only" and "college enrollment rates only" were mainly reflected in the "one-sided pursuit of college enrollment rates." After the 1990 s,the criticism of "examination-oriented education" gradually replaced that of the "one-sided pursuit of college enrollment rates." To get rid of "scores only" and "college enrollment rates only," we need to explore the reform of college admissions to promote students’ all-round development in morality,intelligence,sound constitution,art,and job skills,and fix a proper boundary between "scores only" and "not scores only." In the future reform of college admissions, "scores" will always exist in comprehensive evaluations and diversified admissions. It is an arduous and long-term task to get rid of "scores only" and "college enrollment rates only," and it needs careful consideration to accomplish the task.

关 键 词：唯分数 唯升学 科举 高考 教育评价 

分 类 号：G637.3[文化科学—教育学]