“审其名实”“而后能治”——《公孙龙子》的名学理路  

Rule After Examining Name and Reality: The Philosophy in Gongsun Longzi

作　　者：祁志祥[1] QI Zhixiang(Institute of Chinese Studies,Shanghai University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 201701,China)

机构地区：[1]上海政法学院国学研究所,上海201701

出　　处：《辽宁大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2021年第3期8-14,共7页Journal of Liaoning University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：2019年国家社会科学基金中国哲学专业后期资助项目“先秦思想史:从神本到人本”(19FZXB060)。

摘　　要：公孙龙是战国后期赵国名家的代表人物。其《公孙龙子》是先秦名家留下的唯一专著。有感于当时名实混乱、天下不治的现实状况,公孙龙对名实问题进行了饶有特色的思辨。他指出:名与实、指与物既有相称的同一关系,又有不相称的相异关系。二者的同一关系为人所易见,不同关系常为人所忽略。其突出表现之一,是不明白"白马"非"马"。即个别概念(种概念)与一般概念(属概念)之间存在种差,个别概念既属于一般概念(白马是马),又不等于一般概念(白马非马)。此外,他对认识活动中主体不同的感官对同一对象不同属性的感知进行分离,如对石头的触觉之"坚"与视觉之"白"不是同时把握到的,进而提出"坚白离"的命题。公孙龙的这些辨析,旨在使"明王审其名实,慎其所谓","推之天下国家"循名责实"而后能治",同时也推动了逻辑学的深化和哲学的进步。Gongsun Long is a representative figure of the famous masters of Zhao State in the late Warring States period.His book Gongsun Longzi is the only monograph left by pre-Qin masters.Feeling the chaos of name and reality at the time,and the reality of the world abolished,he conducted a professional academic discussion on the issue of name and reality.He pointed out that name and reality,as well as referents and things,have both a commensurate relationship and a disproportionate relationship.The same relationship between the two is easy to see,but different relationships are often overlooked.One of its outstanding manifestations is that people do not understand that"white horses"are not"horses".That is,there is a difference between individual concepts and general concepts.Individual concepts belong to general concepts(a white horse is a horse),but not equal to a general concept(a white horse is not a horse).In addition,he also deeply realized the separation of the perception of different attributes of the same object by the different sense organs of the subject in the activity.For example,the firmness of touch and the whiteness of vision are not grasped at the same time,and then he proposed separation of solidness and whiteness.Gongsun Long’s analysis is intended to enable a wise emperor to thoroughly examine the relationship between name and reality,to name things carefully and accurately,and to push the country under the name of responsibility and rule.It also promoted the progress of philosophy and deepened logic.

关 键 词：公孙龙 名学思想 白马非马 坚白相离 政治指向 

分 类 号：B22[哲学宗教—中国哲学]