坚守背后的艰难:中国官办学校教师薪资制度的百年变迁(1840-1949)  

The Hardship Behind the Halo:The Changes of Teachers’Salaries in Official Schools(1840-1949)

作　　者：李忠 郝洁 Li Zhong;Hao Jie(School of Education of Shaanxi Normal University;Shanghai Ocean University)

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学教育学院 [2]上海海洋大学食品学院

出　　处：《教育史研究》2021年第3期139-149,共11页Educational History Studies

摘　　要：在新中国成立前的100年间,教师头顶多种光环,光环的背后却是艰难的生存境遇。清代中前期的教育是维持性的,教师薪资相对较低。晚清民国时期是古典教育向现代教育过渡时期,教师薪资处于持续变化之中。民国初年到五四运动期间,教师薪资获得制度保障,却形成制度性差异,多数教师薪资依然维持在温饱水平。20世纪20年代,低薪与欠薪问题使大批教师走上“索薪”的维权之路。20世纪30年代初到全民族抗战爆发前,南京国民政府出台最低教师薪资标准,中等以上学校教师薪资得到保障,小学教师薪资却难以维持基本生计。全民族抗战期间以及全民族抗战结束后,教师实际工资收入大幅下降,包括大学教师在内的教师薪资仅能艰难维持基本生活。总体而言,在中国教育现代化起步与初步发展阶段,多数情况下教师薪资都处于较低水平。新时期的教育改革需要对教师薪资问题足够重视,因为,薪资是教师发展的重要支撑,支持教师的发展,就是支持教育的发展。Teachers have many kinds of halos,but behind the halos are difficult living conditions.In the early period of the Qing Dynasty,education was just maintainable,and teachers’salaries were relatively low.Most teachers’salaries could only maintain their basic life.The period of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China is a transitional period from classical education to modern education.During the transition from classical to modern education in the late Qing and Republican periods,teacher salaries were in a constant state of change.During the early years of the Republic of China and the May Fourth Movement,teachers’salaries were institutionally guaranteed,but there were institutional disparities,and most teachers’salaries remained at subsistence levels.In the 1920s,the problem of low pay and unpaid salaries led a large number of teachers to demand their rights.From the early 1930s to the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War,the Nanjing National Government introduced a minimum salary standard for teachers,which guaranteed salaries for teachers at the secondary level and above but made it difficult for elementary school teachers to make ends meet.During and after the end of Anti-Japanese War,teachers’real wages fell sharply,and salaries of teachers,including university teachers,struggled to maintain basic survival.In general,during the initial stages of China’s educational modernization and development,teachers’salaries were mostly low,except for some periods and some groups of teachers.The new era of education reform needs to give adequate attention to teachers’salaries.Because salaries are important supports for teacher development.Supporting teacher development is supporting education development.

关 键 词：官办学校 教师 薪资待遇 变迁 

分 类 号：G529[文化科学—教育学]