人类学与社会学视角下的结构功能主义  

On Structural Functionalism from the Perspectiveof Anthropology and Sociology

作　　者：张淑娥[1] 郑琦 Zhang Shue;Zheng Qi(Capital Normal University,Beijing 100048;Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081)

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学,北京100048 [2]中央民族大学,北京100081

出　　处：《呼伦贝尔学院学报》2021年第4期98-102,共5页Journal of Hulunbuir University

摘　　要：结构功能主义理论是20世纪20年代到60年代中期在社会学和人类学领域占主导地位的理论。该理论起源于早期的社会学理论,先后经历了英国人类学派和美国社会学派的发展和诠释,最终形成了一套完整的理论体系。然而英国人类学派结构功能主义与美国社会学派结构功能主义在其产生的社会背景及研究方法上各有不同,导致两种视角的结构功能主义之间既有联系又存在差别。虽然结构功能主义在20世纪70年代后受到新兴社会学理论的挑战和质疑而不再独占鳌头,然而,在分析社会制度如何运作以促进运作良好的有序社会方面,结构功能主义依然提供了一套强有力的理论框架。本文浅析人类学角度的结构功能主义和社会学角度的结构功能主义之异同,以期为该理论在社会学研究中的准确适用提供参考。Structural functionalism is a body of sociological theoretical principles that seeks to examine the significant function of social institutions that constitute a social system.Conventionally,structural functionalism traces back to the works of the earliest social theorists,including Auguste Comte,Herbert Spencer,Emile Durkheim,and Max Weber.It was then developed by the British anthropologists Bronislaw Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown and subsequently systematically formulated by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons.Structural-functional theory enjoyed its heyday from 1920s to 1960s but became the target of criticism after 1970s but experienced severe criticism afterwards.Nowadays,structural functionalism seems to be out of fashion in contemporary social science.Nevertheless,since it focuses on analyzing and identifying how a social institution functions to contribute to the well-functioning ordered society,structural functionalism still offers a powerful set of concepts for understanding the relative stability of most societies.The study compares the differences and similarities of structural functionalism theories between the British Anthropologists School and American Sociology School,thereby providing evidence for its accurate application in future sociological studies.

关 键 词：结构功能主义 田野调查法 宏观理论 

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