王朝正统论与政权合法性——以商周鼎革为例  

On Dynasty Orthodoxy and Regime Legitimacy—Taking the Revolution of Shang and Zhou as an Example

作　　者：彭华[1] Peng Hua

机构地区：[1]四川大学古籍整理研究所,成都610064

出　　处：《四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2021年第6期122-131,共10页Journal of Sichuan University：Philosophy and Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国国家起源研究的理论与方法”(12&ZD133);国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国道统思想研究”(17ZDA010)。

摘　　要：“商周鼎革”之后周人关于“政权合法性”与“王朝正统论”的言说,集中体现在天(天命)、地(地理)、人(血统)三端,是为“三才”之道。在“天命”论上,周人将商人的“天命不变”论改造为“天命转移”论,并申说“天命”已由商人转移至周人,故“周革商命”为“顺天革命”。为了保有“天命”,周人又创造性地提出了“敬德”说,并由此发展出“保民论”“民本论”。与夏人、商人一样,周人的祖先也是古帝王的后裔,因在“血统”上并不具有独到的优势,周人后来扬弃了“血统论”,转而宣扬“敬德”“保民”。而西周初年,周人之所以要营建洛邑,是因为洛邑是名副其实的“天下之中”,故而周人要“宅兹中国”。周人在天、地、人“三才”之道上的言说与作为,影响了后来的王朝与政权。就“合法性”(或“正当性”)论题而言,古中国的“三才之道”说比韦伯的三种“理想类型”说更具有说服力。After the revolution of Shang and Zhou,the people of Zhou talked about the legitimacy of the regime and the orthodoxy of the dynasty.Zhou s discourse concentrated on the three aspects of heaven(Heaven s will),earth(geographical location)and human(blood lineage),which were the way of“three talents”(三才).On the theory of“destiny”,the Zhou people changed the Shang s“destiny-unchanged”theory into“destiny-transferred”theory,claiming that“destiny”had been transferred from the Shang people to the Zhou people,and that“Zhou revolution of Shang s destiny”was“following the will of Heaven”.In order to preserve the“Heaven s will”,the people of Zhou creatively put forward the theory of“respecting morality”,and thus developed the theory of“protecting the people”and“putting the people first”.Like the Xia people and Shang people,the ancestors of the Zhou people descended from ancient emperors.Having no unique advantages in blood lineage,the Zhou people later abandoned the theory of blood lineage and advocated“respecting morality”and“protecting the people”.In the early years of the Western Zhou,the people of Zhou wanted to build Luoyi(洛邑)because Luoyi(洛邑)was worthy of the name“the center of the world”,so the people of Zhou wanted to“build a country in the center region”.Zhou s concept of“three talents”(三才)of heaven,earth and man influenced the later dynasties and regimes.On the subject of“legitimacy”(or“justification”),the ancient Chinese theory of“three talents”(三才)is more convincing than Max Weber s theory of three“ideal types”.

关 键 词：合法性 正统论 天命 血统 地理 

分 类 号：K22[历史地理—历史学] D033[历史地理—中国史]