从观念出发与从材料出发的汉字阐释——以“也”及其所构成的文字为例  

Formation of “也” and Two Approaches of Interpreting Chinese Characters:Starting from Concept or from Linguistic Data

作　　者：李守奎[1] LI Shou-kui

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院暨出土文献研究与保护中心,北京100871

出　　处：《吉林大学社会科学学报》2021年第6期5-22,230,共19页Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家语委“十三五”科研规划重点项目(ZDI135-88);国家社会科学基金重大项目(18ZDA304)。

摘　　要：汉字阐释的学术研究成果是汉字文化普及的基础。汉字阐释是对已识字的形音义、构形理据、历史演变、字际关系、文化内涵等不同层次的全面描写和解释。《说文解字》是汉字阐释的开山之作,直到清末已积累了大量的研究成果,占据汉字研究的主流地位。随着现代学术范式的确立与古文字学等相关学科的兴起,汉字阐释却逐渐远离学术研究,其重要原因之一是汉字阐释从一开始就存在着从材料出发的学术研究与从观念出发的思想表达两种阐释方法的纠缠,直到今天也没有建立起可操作的研究方法与表达范式。梳理"也"及其所构成的"[也攵]""地"等字的阐释学术史,解释许慎文字学低级错误背后的深层文化背景,有助于确定现有材料下"也"字阐释的路径与可能的深度。汉字文字学的阐释与文化学的阐释并不是对立的,而是不同层次的深入探讨。汉字阐释的基本原则是:从材料出发甄别字料,全面占有、充分理解、准确应用材料;从文字记录的语言事实出发,背离文字记录语言事实的阐释与文字学无关;坚守历史性原则,在客观描写基础上作出合理解释。Interpretation of Chinese characters refers to the comprehensive and multi-layered description and explanation of characters in the following aspects:pronunciation,semantics,formation and its motivation,evolution,its relations with other characters,and cultural connotations."Shuo Wen Jie Zi",as the first most important work in Chinese character interpretation,has collected massive research achievements until the late Qing Dynasty,and hence dominates the Chinese character research.With the development of modern academic paradigm and paleography,however,interpretation of Chinese characters has gradually been estranged from academic study.One of the reasons is there existed two intertwining approaches to interpret Chinese characters in the first place:academic approach based on linguistic data and representation approach based on concept,neither of which has established an operational methodology.By reviewing the interpretation history of the character"也"and other characters with it as their component,such as"地",and explaining the deep cultural background of Xu Shen’s low-level errors,we can deepen the study and identify the path of developing interpretation of"也"based on existing linguistic data.The character from paleography and culturology are two-dimensions of interpretations rather than opposite to each other.The basic principles of interpretation should be the following:discriminate characters,collect and get full understanding of the data,and apply the data in the right way based on linguistic data;based on the linguistic facts,abandon the interpretation without evidence since they have nothing to do with paleography;stick to the historical principle,and explain on the basis of objective description.Research of Chinese character interpretation is the foundation of Chinese characters dissemination.

关 键 词：汉字阐释 “也” “地” 文字学 文化学 字际关系 构形理据 

分 类 号：H122[语言文字—汉语]