清末国家语文统一与满汉族群关系变化  

National Language Unification and Changes in Manchu-Han Ethnic Relations in the Late Qing Dynasty

作　　者：湛晓白[1] Zhan Xiaobai

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院,北京100875

出　　处：《历史研究》2021年第5期77-100,M0005,M0006,共26页Historical Research

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“新文化视野下的民国国语运动研究”(17BZS078)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：清末新政时期,清廷推动建立新的国民教育体系,通过建设统一的国家通用语言和文化塑造国民、培养国家认同。新的学制章程将指向汉语的"国文"和"官话"(国语)设定为基础科目,同时确立了"书同文"和"语同音"的制度目标,由此改变了王朝时代"各语其语"的状态,初步实现了教育领域内的语文统一。这一改革,得到了内地边疆一体化、宪政改革等制度建设的助推,体现了汉语作为主体民族语言的文化优势。与此同时,传统的清朝"国语"——满语、满文仍保留了一定的生存空间。其时,革命派和立宪派的满汉语言观,也从舆论层面对官方语文建设有所呼应和影响。新"国文"、"国语"的强势崛起,说明建设统一的国家通用语言文化乃民族国家时代大势所趋,而新旧"国语"并存,则揭示了这一进程的不彻底性及族群制约因素。During the New Deal of the late Qing Dynasty,the Qing court promoted the establishment of a new national education system to shape the Chinese nation and foster its national identity through the construction of a unified national language and culture.The new school constitution set the Chinese Han as the"national language"and"official language"as well as the basic language subject,and established the institutional goals to adopt"the same written language"and"the same spoken language".The reform changed the previous state of"each ruler group speaks its own ethnic language"in the dynastic era and achieved the initial unification of languages for the sake of education.It was also facilitated by the inland-border integration and constitutional reform,among others,and reflected the cultural prestige of the Chinese Han,spoken and written as the main national language.At the same time,the traditional Qing"official language",i.e.the Manchu language,still retained a large space for survival,when the revolutionary and constitutional view on the Manchu-Han language adoption also echoed and influenced the construction of the official language from the level of public opinion.The strong rise of the new spoken and written language Han indicates that the construction of a unified national language and culture could be the trend of the stages with ethnic rulers in Chinese history,while the coexistence of the old and new"national language"reveals the incompleteness and ethnicity in the reform process.

关 键 词：“国语” 语文教育 满文 族群权力 

分 类 号：K252[历史地理—历史学] H109.3[历史地理—中国史] D691[语言文字—汉语]