“合法”民事诉求何以变成刑事犯罪?——检视“二倍工资”的法治困境  

How Can a"Legal"Civil Claim Become a Criminal Offense?--A Legal Dilemma of Examining the"Double Wages"

作　　者：李干 LI Gan(School of Law,Shanghai University of International Business and Economics,Shanghai 201620)

机构地区：[1]上海对外经贸大学法学院,上海201620

出　　处：《中国劳动关系学院学报》2021年第6期85-98,共14页Journal of China University of Labor Relations

摘　　要：近年来在部分个案中,有的劳动者故意拖延签订书面劳动合同,或故意提交虚假签名的书面劳动合同,继而通过公力救济向用人单位索取“二倍工资”,对此劳动仲裁、民事审判与刑事审判分别给出民事“合法”与刑事犯罪的两级评价,如此两重评价暗含着法治风险。作为《劳动合同法》创设的一项惩罚性赔偿,“二倍工资”系推行书面合同制度的一种手段,但“二倍工资”的“大前提”在语辞表述上模糊,司法实践对“二倍工资”的归责与举证规则亦不明晰,且“二倍工资”不以劳动者遭受实际损害为前提,若劳动者对签约不配合,用人单位的反制手段也较为有限,因此“二倍工资”的必要性与均衡性有待检视。研究认为,惩罚性赔偿兼具奖励诉讼的功能,劳动领域有别于消费领域,并不适合奖励诉讼的价值导向,司法实践通常从主体层面防控劳动者滥诉或恶意诉讼,但亦有不可取之处。未来可根据实际情况,从立法与司法两个层面对“二倍工资”规则进行删、修、限。In the very few cases in recent years,some employees have deliberately delayed signing a written labor contract,or deliberately submitted a written labor contract with false signatures,and then demanded'double wages'from the employer through public relief.Thus,labor arbitration,civil trials,and criminal trials have made a two-level evaluation on civil legitimacy and criminal offenses.Such a dual-evaluation implies a risk of the rule of law.As a punitive damages created by the Labor Contract Law,"double wages"is a means to implement a written contract system,but its major premise is vague in terms of language.In judicial practice,the imputation and proof rules for the"double wages"are also vague.Moreover,"double wages"does not presuppose that the worker suffers actual damage,so if the worker does not cooperate with the contract,the employer's countermeasures are relatively limited.Therefore,the necessity and balance of the"double wages"need to be examined.As the punitive damages has the function of rewarding litigation,the labor field,differing from the consumer field,is not suitable for the value orientation of rewarding litigation.In judicial practice,the study believes that the punitive damage usually prevents laborers'abuse or malicious litigation from the subject level,but there are also undesirable points.In the future,the"double wages"rule could be deleted,revised,and restricted from the legislative and judicial levels according to actual conditions.

关 键 词：二倍工资 劳动合同法 书面劳动合同 惩罚性赔偿 刑事犯罪 

分 类 号：D47[政治法律—政治学] F246[政治法律—国际共产主义运动]