鲍德里亚缘何误解马克思的劳动理论  

Why did Baudrillard Misinterpret Marx’s Labor Theory

作　　者：何云峰[1] 王绍梁 He Yunfeng;Wang Shaoliang(Institute of Knowledge&Value Sciences,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai 200234,China)

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学知识与价值科学研究所,上海200234

出　　处：《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2021年第6期26-36,共11页Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：上海市哲学社会科学规划课题“新时代中国特色社会主义的历史方位”(项目编号:2020WXB004)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：鲍德里亚认为,马克思分析资本主义所依赖的概念,诸如生产、劳动、价值等,在今天已经失去了批判的效力,因为这些概念依旧没能突破西方理性形而上学的思维方法,从而陷入了生产、劳动的意识形态镜像之中。因此,鲍德里亚对劳动力、劳动二重性、劳动与自然、劳动与需要、劳动与自由、生产性劳动与非生产性劳动展开了系统的批判。鲍德里亚误解马克思的根源主要在于:一是缺乏对马克思劳动概念的存在论内涵的准确把握,二是忽视了马克思劳动理论的批判维度,三是混淆了"马克思"与"马克思主义"。这使他最终在革命路线上走向消极的象征交换理论,即采用"暴死"的方式来抵抗抽象劳动的符号化及其对人的控制。究其根本,是因为鲍德里亚在理论基础上拒斥马克思的劳动价值论和剩余价值规律。马克思在《资本论》及其手稿中揭示了抽象劳动的形而上学本质以及对人的统治,给出了扬弃这种抽象劳动的科学方案。马克思不仅把劳动理解为改变世界的基础性力量,而且开创了政治经济学批判意义上的劳动价值论,即人类在劳动的过程中会创造出否定私有制和资本主义的革命力量。Jean Baudrillard believed that such concepts as production,labor,and value that Karl Marx relied on in his analysis of capitalism had lost their critical efficacy today,because these concepts still failed to break through the thinking method of Western rational metaphysics,thus falling into the ideological mirror of production and labor.Therefore,Baudrillard made a systematic criticism of the labor force,labor duality,labor and nature,labor and needs,labor and freedom,productive labor and non-productive labor.The main reasons why Baudrillard misinterpreted Marx are as follows:firstly,he lacked an accurate grasp of the ontological connotation of Marx’s concept about labor;secondly,he ignored the dimension of criticism in Marx’s labor theory;and thirdly,he confused"Marx"with"Marxism".Baudrillard finally moved towards a negative theory of symbolic exchange along the revolutionary line,that is,he used the method of"sudden death"to resist the symbolization of abstract labor and its control over the humans.The fundamental reason is that Baudrillard rejected Marx’s labor theory of value and his law of surplus value on the theoretical basis.In Das Kapital and its manuscripts,Marx revealed the metaphysical nature of abstract labor and its rule over the humans,and worked out a scientific plan to sublate this kind of abstract labor.Marx understood labor as a fundamental force that would change the world,and created a labor theory of value in the sense of the critique of political economy.In the process of labor,the humankind will create revolutionary forces that deny private ownership and capitalism.

关 键 词：鲍德里亚 《生产之镜》 存在论 抽象劳动 政治经济学批判 

分 类 号：B089.1[哲学宗教—哲学理论]