中国人口教育发展的特征、结构性矛盾与下一步思路——基于第七次全国人口普查公报和相关人口教育统计的发现  

The Development of Education in China:Features,Structural Contradictions and Future Solutions--Empirical Findings from the 7th National Population Census Bulletin and Relevant Education Demographics

作　　者：牛建林[1] Niu Jianlin(the Institute of Population and Labor Economics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100710)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所,北京100710

出　　处：《教育研究》2021年第11期36-47,共12页Educational Research

摘　　要：在我国转入高质量发展的新阶段,国民教育发展对社会经济持续发展和国际竞争力提升起着极为关键的作用。结合最新的全国人口普查公报以及巴罗和李整理发布的世界主要国家人口教育统计资料,系统分析我国人口教育发展现状、历史轨迹和相对国际位置,探讨现阶段制约我国人口教育发展的结构性问题和主要矛盾,发现目前我国人口的整体教育水平和发展速度在世界各国中处于中等,且近年来人口教育发展速度出现减缓的迹象。制约我国教育持续快速发展的关键在于,各级教育发展的结构性失调和省际教育发展不平衡等问题。新时期,推动我国人口教育持续快速发展,应当着力解决教育发展中存在的突出问题与矛盾,通过制度建设和文化引导在全社会树立重视教育的理念,同时,改革和完善教育体系中的制度安排。根据新阶段人才培养的需要,拓展义务教育年限,有效降低由于制度设计而引发的学生在升学过程中逐级流失带来的损耗,提升各级教育发展的协调性和可持续性;将分省份管理和负责的制度安排转化为制度优势,倡导各省份因地制宜、设计符合省情的教育教学设置和规划,避免在制度设计中不切实际的"一刀切"。In the new era when China is attaining high-quality development,the development of education plays a significant role in China’s sustainable socioeconomic development and its improvement of international competitiveness.This study,based on the 7 th National Population Census Bulletin and the education statistics published by Barro and Lee,analyzes the current status and historical trajectory of China’s educational development in the context of cross-national comparisons,and explores the structural problems and major contradictions that restrict the development of China’s education in the new era.According to the research,China’s average educational attainment and its pace of educational development are moderate in the world;China’s education in recent years has tended to develop slowly;and the key problems restricting the sustainable and rapid development of China’s education include the structural barriers to the development of education at various levels and the imbalance in the development of interprovincial education.To promote the sustainable and rapid development of China’s education in the new era,we are supposed to focus on solving the salient problems in the development of education.Specifically,we should establish the concept of attaching importance to education in the entire society through system construction and cultural guidance,and remove the institutional barriers through necessary policy reforms;extend the duration of compulsory education according to the requirements for talent cultivation in the new era so as to reduce the drain of students in the course of their further education,and improve the coordinated and sustainable development of education at all levels;and change the provincial-level management system into an advantageous system by advocating that each province makes its education and teaching plan according to local conditions to avoid establishing an impractical"one-size-fits-all"system.

关 键 词：人口教育 结构性矛盾 省际不平衡 “七普”公报 国际比较 

分 类 号：C924.25[社会学—人口学] G521[文化科学—教育学]