“无猫之地”:《尼拉玛塔往世书》所见克什米尔动物世界  

“A Land without Cats”:Understanding the Animal Realm in the Nilamata Purana from Kashmir

作　　者：陈怀宇[1,2] Chen Huaiyu

机构地区：[1]亚利桑那州立大学历史、哲学、宗教学院 [2]亚利桑那州立大学国际语言文化学院

出　　处：《世界历史评论》2021年第4期3-24,289,共23页The World History Review

摘　　要：《尼拉玛塔往世书》是7至9世纪成书的反映克什米尔地区宗教生活的一部古代文献,书中体现了当时婆罗门教统治下的宗教秩序,这种宗教秩序不仅用于维护当时南亚流行的种姓制度,也对当地社会和文化生活产生了很大影响。这种秩序主要体现在婆罗门教所设定的宗教祭祀仪式上,而这种仪式常常提到各种动物的献祭,从而让读者了解当地的自然生态和动物世界,以及人、神、动物之间的相互关系。从中可以看出,马、牛、羊是最为重要的献祭动物,而其他野生动物如大象、狮、虎等也在当地广为人知。大象和马也是政治秩序的重要组成部分。而日常经济生活则与马、牛、羊分不开,鸡、狗、猪作为家禽家畜并不在当地扮演突出角色。人们对当地动物世界的认知也随着历史的变迁而越来越清晰,越来越复杂。The Nilamata puraṇa was a very important text compiled in the early seventh to mid-ninth century,which illustrated the religious life in ancient Kashmir.This text described local religious order that was dominated by Brahmanism.This religious order under the Brahmanism served to maintain the caste system in ancient Kashmir,and also had significant impact on the social and cultural life.Many sacrificial rites on the religious calendar also offered animals as sacrifices,therefore the readers could figure out the natural ecology and animal world from the list of animal sacrifices.The list of these animals also manifested mutual relations among humans,gods,and animals in Kashmir.It seems that horses,cows,and goats were among the most visible animals for sacrificial rites,though other wild animals such as elephants,lions,and tigers were also well known to local people.Elephants and horses were instrumental to the political order too.In the meantime,horses,cows,and goats made crucial contributions to local economic life,yet other domesticated animals and birds were less important.However,the knowledge about animals in Kashmir often evolved with the historical development.

关 键 词：往世书 婆罗门教 动物 马 牛 羊 大象 

分 类 号：G62[文化科学—教育学]