大学讲授方式的功过、处境与挑战  

The Merits, Demerits, Situation and Challenges of Classroom Lecture in Universities

作　　者：阎光才[1] Yan Guangcai

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学高等教育研究所,上海200062

出　　处：《江苏高教》2022年第2期1-12,共12页Jiangsu Higher Education

基　　金：“四个一批”人才工程资助项目“基于学生与学习变化的大学教师教与学的变革”。

摘　　要：近些年来,大学课堂传统讲授方式受到越来越多的指摘,甚至不乏有过时之说。其实,讲授作为最为古老的教师讲述学生听记的教学方式,在19世纪就频受质疑,20世纪中叶在"关注学生"的转向后,它逐步趋于消亡。随后,揉入了提问、演示、适量的讨论等的讲授为主形式渐成主流,但这种由教师主导的课堂教学,在以学习者为中心思潮以及广为采用的信息技术冲击下,它再次成为积极性学习的对立面。众多调查研究表明,讲授为主形式在大学本科课堂教学中依然盛行,其效果评价正反两方面的证据兼而有之。不同课程的知识属性与文化,教师与学生的观念、习惯和风格,以及课堂管理与控制中的风险规避策略等,都是讲授得以持久存续的缘由。客观而言,讲授与其他非传统方式之间并不完全相排斥,而是具有相容性。至于不同形式在时间分配上比重多少,相互之间如何实现有机融合,取决于教师的实践智慧以及他与学生之间的默契。In recent years, classroom lecture as a traditional undergraduate teaching method in universities has been criticized more and more, and even been viewed as obsolete. In fact, classroom lecture as ancient scene where students took notes as a teacher talked to them were frequently criticized in the 19th century, and gradually disappeared after the "focus on students" in the middle of the 20th century. Subsequently, lecture-based teaching combined with asking questions, demonstration, and a small amount of discussion became the mainstream. However, this teacher-centered teaching become the opposite of active learning once again because of the impact from learner-centered thinking and widely adopted information technology. Many surveys and studies show that the lecture-based teaching is still prevalent in undergraduate classroom, and the positive or negative evidences are mixed. The knowledge attributes and culture of different disciplines, the notions, habits and styles of teachers and students, as well as the teacher’s risk avoidance strategies in classroom management and control are the reasons for their persistence. Objectively speaking, classroom lecture is compatible with rather than exclusive completely to other non-traditional approaches. As for the proportion of different approaches in time allocation, and how to achieve the organic integration between each other, it depends on the teacher’s practical wisdom and his tacit understanding with students.

关 键 词：本科教学 讲授 讲授为本 积极性学习 

分 类 号：G640[文化科学—高等教育学]