竞争抑或斗争:雷蒙·阿隆工业社会阶级理论探析  

Competition or Struggle:On Raymond Aron’s Theory of Classes in the Industrial Society

作　　者：莫伟民[1] MO Wei-min(School of Philosophy,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院,上海200433

出　　处：《河北学刊》2022年第2期57-68,共12页Hebei Academic Journal

基　　金：2010年度教育部重点研究基地重大项目“政治理性批判:马克思与当代法国哲学”(10JJD71004)的结项成果。

摘　　要：阶级斗争是社会转型、发展及至文明进步的原动力。如果说托克维尔通过设想自由社会与专制社会这两大对立体制来论述现代社会不断民主化的趋势,马克思在人类历史发展进程及人类社会不同阶段的演变中结合人类实现全面解放的终极目标来阐发其阶级和阶级斗争的学说,那么,阿隆则主要聚焦1950年代以来东西方工业社会中的阶级状况、阶级关系、阶级利益和阶级政权问题。阿隆既批评唯名论的阶级定义,也质疑现实主义的阶级定义,主张东西方社会既竞争又合作的阶级关系,强调工人阶级的“雇佣劳动化”,而非“无产阶级化”。阿隆认为,虽然工人阶级与资产阶级时常会发生利益冲突,但我们有目共睹的东西方经济增长的必要条件恰恰在于工人和资本家的利益能同时得到满足。阿隆不仅否认资本主义社会结构本身包含旨在改变社会的政治暴力革命斗争,还预言通过革命获得合法政权的苏联式计划经济制度将向西方市场经济制度靠拢进而发生变化。阿隆否认人类最终必将通向唯一的经济和政治制度,而主张与工业社会性质相符的多种经济和政治结构的形态共存。总之,阿隆虽自认为深信马克思主义并在马克思主义的启迪下反思20世纪,但他就东西方工业社会而阐发的阶级理论却明显具有非马克思主义性质。Class struggle is the motive force of social transformation,development and even civilization progress.If Tocqueville discussed the trend of continuous democratization of modern society by imagining the two opposite systems of free society and despotic society,and Marx expounded his theory of class and class struggle in the process of human historical development,in the evolution of human society at different stages,and in combination with the ultimate goal of realizing the comprehensive liberation of mankind,then Aron mainly focused on the class situation,class relations,class interests and class political power in the industrial society of the East and the West since the 1950s.Aron not only criticized the class definition of nominalism,but also questioned the class definition of realism.He advocated the class relationship of competition and cooperation in the East and the west society,and emphasized the“employment labor”rather than“proletarianization”of the working class.Aron believed that although the working class and the bourgeoisie often had conflicts of interest,the necessary condition for economic growth in the East and the west seen by all was that the interests of workers and capitalists can be met at the same time.Aron not only denied that the capitalist social structure itself contained political violent revolutionary struggle aimed at changing society,but also predicted that the Soviet style planned economic system,which gained legal power through revolution,would move closer to the western market economic system and then undergo changes.Aron denied that mankind will eventually lead to the only economic and political system,and advocated the coexistence of various forms of economic and political structures consistent with the nature of industrial society.In a word,although Aron thought that he believed in Marxism and reflects on the 20th century under the Enlightenment of Marxism,his class theory on the eastern and western industrial society was obviously non Marxist.

关 键 词：雷蒙·阿隆 托克维尔 马克思 工业社会 阶级关系 阶级利益 阶级政权 

分 类 号：B565.59[哲学宗教—外国哲学]