《民法典》第420条(最高额抵押权的一般规则)评注  

Commentary on Article 420 of The Civil Code(General Rules of the Maximum Mortgage for Floating Claims)

作　　者：武亦文[1] WU Yi-wen

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院,武汉430070

出　　处：《南京大学学报（哲学．人文科学．社会科学）》2021年第6期112-132,163,164,共23页Journal of Nanjing University(Philosophy,Humanities and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：《中华人民共和国民法典》第420条规定了抵押人为将来一定期间内连续发生的不特定债权提供担保的效力。最高额抵押权是担保物权从属性缓和的产物,其从属于基础法律关系,而非特定债权。当事人约定担保的债权范围并不限于某一特定基础法律关系,并无否定概括最高额抵押权的必要。最高债权额是"控制"担保债权范围的重要关卡,是抵押合同成立的必备条款,亦是不动产抵押权登记的必要事项。除当事人另有约定外,最高债权额原则上应理解为债权最高额而非本金最高额,否则既加重抵押人负担,也侵害了与抵押物有利害关系的第三人的利益。本条第2款明确现存债权可纳入被担保的债权范围,是第1款的辅助条款,用以阐明最高额抵押权担保的债权并非一定是将来债权,关键在于债权的不特定性。当事人合意将现存债权纳入担保范围的,即便未作登记亦不妨碍其属于担保范围,但不得对抗善意第三人。最高额抵押权所担保债权受偿顺序的确定依照约定,没有约定的参照合同编中关于清偿抵充规范予以认定。在破产程序中,应允许最高额抵押权人以最高债权额为标准申报最高额抵押权所担保的债权,在担保物权实现程序中,最高额抵押权人不得就超出最高额范围的抵押物拍卖、变卖所得价款受偿。Article 420 of The Civil Code stipulates the legal effect of the security provided by the mortgagor for future non-specific claims that will arise consecutively within a definite period of time.As a product of the relaxation of the subordination of security interests,the maximum mortgage for floating claims are subject to the basic legal relations,rather than specific claims.The scope of secured specific claims is not subject to basic legal relations,and there is no need to deny the general maximum mortgage for floating claims.The maximum amount of the claims is an important barrier to restrict the scope of the secured claims,a necessary clause for the establishment of a mortgage contract,and a necessary procedure for the registration of real estate mortgage.Unless otherwise agreed by the parties,the maximum amount of the claims should in principle be understood as the maximum amount of the claim,rather than the maximum amount of the principal,it will not only increase the burden on the mortgagor,but also infringe the interests of third parties,who have an interest in the mortgaged property.The second paragraph of Article 420 clarifies that the existing claims can be included in the scope of the secured claims.It is an auxiliary clause of the first paragraph to clarify that the claims secured by the maximum mortgage for floating claims are not necessarily future claims,and the key lies in the unspecified nature of the claims.If the parties agree to include the existing claims in the scope covered by the maximum mortgage for floating claims,even if they are not registered,it will not prevent them from falling into the scope of the mortgage,but this security for them may not be asserted against a bona fide third person.The payment order of the claims secured by the maximum mortgage for floating claims shall be determined in accordance with the agreement of the parties,and if there is no agreement,it shall be determined by referring to the provisions on repayment and offsetting in the"Contract Book"of The Civil Code

关 键 词：最高额抵押权 基础法律关系 从属性 担保范围 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]