“四心”即人性:论孟子的“以性释心”  

“Four Minds”Is Human Nature:Mencius’Theory of“Explaining Heart with Human Nature”

作　　者：张杰 ZHANG Jie(Qi Culture Research Institute,Shandong University of Technology,Zibo 255000,China)

机构地区：[1]山东理工大学齐文化研究院,山东淄博255000

出　　处：《齐鲁学刊》2022年第2期5-15,共11页Qilu Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助重点项目“传统儒家心灵哲学研究”(20FZXA005)。

摘　　要：孟子把人为之心中善的一方面,提升至本原之善的地位。此“心”即是每个人生来即有的“恻隐之心”“羞恶之心”“辞让之心”“是非之心”,这就是“四心”。“四心”是人类先天固有的仁义礼智“四德”之“四端”,孟子的“四心”由此成为善之原。“四心”与“四德”是人区别于动物的标志,“四心”为“四德”之本,孟子的人性由此成为善之原。圣人自觉存心率性而行,而普通人因欲望或名利等因素的迷惑丧失了“四心”,这就需要借助媒介即人性的载体来完成存心养性修养过程。孟子人性的载体即是“浩然之气”,它不但是善的天生材质,而且是义之原。普通人需要“养气”以“养心”、扩充“四心”以“尽心”“尽性”。Mencius promoted the good in man’s heart to the original good.This“heart”is“the sense of pity”,“the sense of shame”,“the sense of modesty”and“the sense of right and wrong”that everyone is born with.This is“four minds”.“Four minds”is the“four beginnings”of the inherent“four virtues”of benevolence,righteousness,courtesy and wisdom.Mencius’s“four minds”became the source of goodness.“Four minds”and“four virtues”are the symbols that distinguish human beings from animals.“Four minds”is the foundation of“four virtues”.Mencius’s human nature became the origin of goodness.Ordinary people lose their“four minds”because of the confusion of desire or fame and wealth.This requires the carrier of human nature to complete the cultivation of mind.The carrier of Mencius’s human nature is the spirit of fearlessness.It is not only the natural material of goodness,but also the source of righteousness.

关 键 词：孟子 “四心” 人性 存心养性 浩然之气 善之原 

分 类 号：B222[哲学宗教—中国哲学] B82