何以成为“缓冲器”:德国职业教育促进就业的变迁与坚守  

Vocational Education Promoting Employment in Germany:Evolution and Current Development

作　　者：欧阳忠明[1] 王江雁 OUYANG Zhongming;WANG Jiangyan(Faculty of Education Science,Jiangxi Science&Technology Normal University,Nanchang,Jiangxi 330031,China)

机构地区：[1]江西科技师范大学教育学部,江西南昌330031

出　　处：《河北师范大学学报（教育科学版）》2022年第3期74-83,共10页Journal of Hebei Normal University(Educational Science)

基　　金：2020年国家级职业教育教学创新团队课题研究项目“职业技能与‘工匠精神’融合培养研究”(GG2020040001);江西省高校人文社会科学重点研究基地2020年度项目“‘双高计划’背景下江西高职院校发展质量评价体系构建研究”(JD20043)。

摘　　要：职业教育作为有效解决就业问题的“缓冲器”,在德国持续开发人力资源、弥补劳动力市场短缺、保障弱势群体和青年群体稳定就业方面作出了突出贡献。从历史变迁看,德国职业教育遵循“促进就业”的准则,先后经历了为实现底层民众谋生之准备、学校学徒充分就业、社会失业人士的就业支持与福利保障以及弱势青年再就业提供服务的四个阶段。从现实发展看,德国职业教育坚守“促进就业”的传统,遵循供需匹配原则,注重职业教育与劳动力市场的适切性;提供发展性的培养模式,助力可持续性就业;实现职业教育咨询服务多样化,提供针对性的职业指导;以“教育促进”替代“失业救济”,建立积极的就业保障体系,从而为劳动力市场提供匹配的人才。当前,我国职业教育办学目标经历了“以就业为导向”到“以促进就业为导向”的转变,如果要实现职业教育促进就业,需要以“导向性”的职业教育促进就业,发挥制度体系的统筹功能;以“公平性”的职业教育促进就业,为不同群体就业做好服务;以“融通性”的职业教育促进就业,构建就业导向的基本框架。Vocational education,as an effective“buffer”to solve employment problems,has contributed a lot to the continuous development of human resources,the offsetting of the shortage of labor market,and the stable employment of disadvantaged groups and the young people in Germany.From the perspective of historical evolution,German vocational education,adhering to the principle of“promoting employment,”has gone through four stages:preparing the underprivileged population for making a living,getting full employment for school apprentices,providing employment support and welfare guarantee for the unemployed,and providing services for the unemployed youth to get re⁃employment.From the perspective of current development,holding fast to the tradition of“promoting employment,”German vocational education follows the principle of matching supply with demand,and attaches importance to the relevance of vocational education with the labor market.It provides a developmental training model to facilitate sustainable employment.It provides targeted vocational guidance with diversified vocational education consulting services.Replacing“unemployment benefits”with“educational advancement,”it establishes a positive employment security system,so as to provide matching personnel for the labor market.At present,the goal of vocational education in China has changed from“employment⁃oriented”to“promoting employment.”If vocational education is to promote employment,it is necessary to promote employment with“guiding”vocational education and give play to the overall planning of the institutional framework.It is necessary to promote employment with“impartial”vocational education to provide good employment services for different groups.It is necessary to promote employment with“adaptable”vocational education and construct the basic framework of employment orientation.

关 键 词：德国 职业教育 促进就业 供需匹配 职业教育咨询 

分 类 号：G719[文化科学—职业技术教育学]