马丁·路德与近代启蒙哲学  

Historical Critique of Martin Luther’s Theological Thought and His Impact on the Enlightenment Philosophy

作　　者：黄裕生[1] HUANG Yu-sheng

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院,北京100084

出　　处：《湖北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第3期41-52,180,共13页Journal of Hubei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

摘　　要：马丁·路德的神学思想不仅主导了其宗教改革运动,而且影响了后来的启蒙哲学。他的神学思想通过否定以罗马教廷为代表的神职阶层对属灵阶层的垄断,在确立了每个个人在属灵方面的平等地位的同时,把人从“单位”与“类存在”中解放出来,使人在神一人关系中成为能够且必须独自面对神,因而是不可被替代、被代表的个体;通过区分属灵的自由与属世的自由,在否定了属灵的自由意志的同时,承认并确立了属世的自由意志;而在构成其神学思想要义的“因信称义”学说里,通过确立“信”的绝对优先性,在把人从过去与一切传统中解放出来的同时,把一切传统置于重估与成全的境地,从而确立了个体在实现一切转向与革新中的本位地位。无论是属灵上的平等,还是个体的自由与本位地位,以及把一切传统都置于重估地位的思想,都是整个启蒙哲学以自觉的方式所要确立的要义。Martin Luther’s theological thought not only predominated the Reformation but also had an influence on the Enlightenment philosophy which followed.In denying the clergy’s(especially the Roman Church’s)monopoly of the spiritual,his theological thought helped establish every individual’s equal status in terms of the spiritual,thus liberating man from the“unit”or“genus-being”.In the God-human relation,man became an individual who can and must face God as a singular person,resisting being surrogated or represented.By distinguishing between spiritual and mundane freedom,Luther was able to acknowledge mundane free will while denying spiritual free will.On the other hand,in the doctrine of sola fide,which constituted the core of his theology,Luther established the absolute priority of“faith”;in this way,he liberated man from the past and all traditions,subjected them to reevaluation and possible reaffirmation,thus erecting the individual as the primary measure of every transformation and reformation.Spiritual equality,the conviction that the individual is free and is the measure,and the reevaluation of all traditions,belonged to what the Enlightenment philosophy sought to establish with self-consciousness.

关 键 词：马丁·路德 启蒙哲学 自由 个体本位 因信称义 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学] B978