权利分析的观察视角与理论进路  

The Observation Angle and Theoretical Approach of Right Analysis

作　　者：李拥军[1] 张笑[2] Li Yongjun;Zhang Xiao

机构地区：[1]吉林大学法学院 [2]吉林大学

出　　处：《人权研究（辑刊）》2021年第2期27-61,520,共36页Journal of Human Rights

摘　　要：权利是社会以肯定的规范形式对主体自由或利益的认可与保障,权利只能是主体的权利,没有主体,权利就失去了逻辑起点与归宿,因此,权利主体既是构成权利规范的必要条件又是描述权利现象的重要特征。个人是社会构成的基本形式,而群体又是人存在与发展的必要方式与手段,因而个人与共同体构成了权利主体的各种形态。权利作为矛盾体而存在,在外部,它表现为与义务的矛盾关系,这一关系贯穿于一切法现象之中;在内部,消极权利和积极权利的辩证统一构成了权利现象的全貌。因此,矛盾性是权利的基本属性,于是从这一属性出发,权利便可以划分为消极权利和积极权利两种样态,而这两种样态又是分别通过行为权和接受权、自由权和要求权、传统人权和社会经济文化权利三种形式来表现的。“权利本位论”“义务重心论”“权利义务并重论”“法权核心论”在不同侧面阐述了权利和义务的关系。Rights are the recognition and protection of the subject’s freedom or interests in the form of affirmative norms by society.A right can only be the right of the subject.Without the subject,a right will lose its logical starting point and destination.Therefore,the existence of subjects of rights is not only the necessary condition for the norms of rights,but also a important feature of describing the phenomenon of rights.The individuals are the basic forms of social composition,and the communities are the necessary ways and means for human existence and development.Therefore,the individuals and the communities constitute various forms of the subjects of rights.Right exists as a contradiction.Externally,it manifests as a contradictory relationship with obligation,which runs through all legal phenomena.Internally,the dialectical unity of negative rights and positive rights constitutes a complete picture of the rights phenomenon.Therefore,contradiction is the basic attribute of rights.Starting from this attribute,rights can be divided into two types:negative rights and positive rights.These two types of rights are shown in three forms:the right of act and the right of accept,the right of freedom and the right of demand,the traditional human rights,and the social,economic and cultural rights.“Right-based theory”,“duty-centered theory”,“equal emphasis on right and duty theory”and“theory of legal right as core”explain the relationship between right and duty in different aspects.

关 键 词：权利 义务 共同体 国家 

分 类 号：D815.7[政治法律—国际关系]