个性与选择:芬兰不分年级高中的组织与管理  

Personality and Choice:The Organization and Management of the Non-graded System of Finnish Upper Secondary Schools

作　　者：杨光富 YANG Guangfu(Faculty of Education,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200062,China)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学教育学部教育学系,上海200062

出　　处：《外国教育研究》2022年第5期60-73,共14页Studies in Foreign Education

基　　金：全国教育科学“十三五”规划2017年度国家一般项目“新高考背景下普通高中走班制的中国经验研究”(课题批准号:BHA170139)。

摘　　要：不分年级制最早在美国诞生,它因能充分满足学生的个性需要,很快风靡欧美各国。20世纪80年代,芬兰高中采用不分年级教学模式,一直沿用至今。目前,芬兰不分年级高中采用弹性学制,学生可选择在二至四年内完成学业。每门学科有若干个课程模块,每个模块38个课时。按学段进行教学,一学年分为5~6个学段,每个学段6~8周,便于学生集中学习。学业评价主要涉及课程学业评价和大学入学考试两个部分,全面客观地评价学生的综合素质。各高中都有学生顾问、指导员和新生辅导员参与学生指导工作,为不分年级制的顺利实施提供了保障。芬兰不分年级高中现已取得令人瞩目的成绩,但也存在部分学生难以很快适应、学习期限过长、语言类课程较多,英语学习较少等问题。The Non-graded system was first bom in the United States.Because it can fully meet the individual needs of students,it quickly became popular in European and American countries.Since the 1980s,Finnish upper secondary schools have adopted the teaching mode Currently,Finnish upper secondary schools adopt a flexible school system,and students can complete their studies within two to four years.Each subject has several course modules,each module has 38 class hours.The teaching is based on the periods.A school year is divided into 5~6 periods,each of which is 6~8 weeks,so it is convenient for students to focus on the learning courses.Academic evaluation mainly involves two parts:course assessment and the Matriculation Examination,which comprehensively and objectively evaluates the comprehensive quality of students.Each high school has student counselors,tutors and student advisors to participate in the student guidance,to provide guarantee for the smooth implementation of the non-graded system.The non-graded system has achieved remarkable results,but there are also a series of problems,such as difficulty to adapt quickly,too long duration of study for some students,more language courses,less English learning and so on.

关 键 词：芬兰 高中 不分年级制 发展历史 教学管理 大学入学考试 

分 类 号：G40[文化科学—教育学原理] G531[文化科学—教育学]