孟子“道性善”的方法论意义  

The Methodological Significance of Mencius’Theory of"Good Human Nature"

作　　者：于述胜[1] 李晓美 Yu Shusheng;Li Xiaomei(the Faculty of Education,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学教育学部,北京100875

出　　处：《教育研究》2022年第4期61-67,共7页Educational Research

摘　　要：对于孟子性善论之内涵,释之者众说纷纭。歧解迭出的根本原因,在于诠释者无视其方法论前提,只是根据孟子的某些个别言论推衍发挥。孟子“道性善”的方法论前提是谈论人性,就是在谈论人生的正常状态;人生有何种自然(人性),则必有实现其自然之当然(道德价值)。故人性与道德是内在于人生的,二者异名而同实,同归于人生之正常状态,亦即同归于人生之善。把人生之非正常状态也视为人性,实际上是以非人为人,违背了思维的基本逻辑。把人性区分为自然人性与道德人性,则割裂了自然与当然的一体性联系,使人性与道德成为相互外在甚至对立之物。认为“性”与“善”不能直接相连,是把人生之善这一内在而绝对之本身价值,误认为外在而相对之工具价值的结果。以“目的—手段”来说明人性与道德的关系,则是误用工具价值分析框架的产物。孟子“性善”论告诉我们,人性乃人生的正常状态,道德乃人生正常状态之实现,人性既是人生之事实,也是对人生进行价值判断的根本尺度,人性之善乃内在的善、绝对的善,是一切道德规范得以确立的基础。性善论是合理的人性论,是孟子对于人类思想的重要贡献。There are different opinions on the connotations of Mencius’theory of good human nature,mainly because the interpreters,who neglect Mencius’methodological premise,merely draw conclusions based on his fragmentary remarks.In fact,Mencius’methodology of good human nature was based on a talk about human nature,a normal state of life;the specific kind of nature(human nature)in life determines the moral value to achieve it.Therefore,human nature and morality,which are inherent in life,have different names but the same essence;they both mean the normal state of life,namely the goodness of life.Regarding the abnormal state of life as human nature actually means viewing non-humanity as humanity,which violates the basic logic of thinking;at the same time,dividing human nature into natural human nature and moral human nature severs the unity of nature and obligations,and makes human nature and morality external to each other.The view that human nature and goodness cannot be directly connected results from the idea that the intrinsic and absolute self-value of the goodness of life is mistaken for an extrinsic and relative instrumental value;the explanation of the relationship between human nature and morality based on"end-means"results from the fact that the analysis framework of instrumental value is misused.Mencius’theory of good human nature tells us the following:Human nature is a normal state of life,and morality indicates the achievement of it;human nature is a fact of life,and a fundamental yardstick for the judgment of the value of life;and the goodness of human nature,an intrinsic and absolute kind of goodness,underlies the establishment of all moral norms.The theory of good human nature,a rational theory of human nature,was a great contribution of Mencius to human thoughts.

关 键 词：孟子的性善论 “事实—价值” “自然—当然” “内在价值—外在价值” 

分 类 号：G41[文化科学—教育学] B82-061[文化科学—教育技术学]