从华夷之辨到价值认同:重审儒家天下观  

From the Debates About Hua and Yi to the Identification of Values:Re-examining the Confucian View of Tianxia

作　　者：曾振宇[1] 刘飞飞 Zeng Zhenyu;Liu Feifei

机构地区：[1]山东大学儒学高等研究院,山东济南250100

出　　处：《史学月刊》2022年第6期5-19,共15页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大委托项目“儒家思想的当代诠释”(20JZDW010)。

摘　　要：华夷之辨以进退于礼乐文明为转化机制,侧重于“中国”的准入性。由此形成的“多元一体”格局,促使学者在民族国家叙事面前坚持“文明国家论”,但这难以构成对民族国家叙事的真正批判。中国古代秉持的是不同于国家叙事的天下观念。儒家的天下观把仁义视为华夷共同认可的价值理念,强调通过文德双修、爱人正我而使远人慕义来朝;希望通过施行仁政获得民心,维系天下,克服“国家”的强力色彩。宋人基于华夷之辨努力塑造“中国观”,对于“天下认同”已无多奢求。天下的价值认同维度得以可能,须经公私之辨的转化,其对身份、人格、权利的触及是对“天下为天下人之天下”的重申和证成。对于古人而言,“天下”与“国家”是两个根本对立的价值体,混同二者甚至产生了王朝倾覆的后果;对于今人而言,“天下”与“国家”代表了两种文明与历史形态,能否实现从“天下”到“国家”的观念转变,是一个古今交接的问题。The debates about Hua(华)and Yi(夷)resorted to ritual civilization as the mechanism of transformation and emphasized on the accessibility of China.The resulting pattern of“pluralistic integration”induced the scholars to insist on the“theory of civilized nation”in response to the western nation-state narrative.But it couldn’t be regarded as the real criticism against the nation-state narrative.In ancient China,people upheld the view of Tianxia(all-under-heaven),which was different from the state narrative.The Confucian view of Tianxia regarded benevolence and justice as values recognized by both Hua and Yi.It emphasized the pursuit of righteousness by advocating virtue and morality and loving others.It hoped the government would win the hearts and minds of people,and overcome the intimidating hue of the state by implementing a benevolent policy.Based on the debate about Hua and Yi,people of the Song dynasty made great efforts to shape the“view of China”.They held little expectation for the identification of values of all-under-heaven.The dimension of the value identification of Tianxia was made possible only through the transformation of the public-private distinction.Its touch on identity,personality and rights was the reaffirmation and proof of“Tianxia belongs to everyone under heaven”.For the ancients,“Tianxia”and“state”were two fundamentally opposite values,and confusion of them even brought about the overthrow of dynasty.For modern people,“Tianxia”and“state”represent two civilizations and historical forms.Whether the concept of“Tianxia”can be changed to the concept of“nation state”is a matter of transition from ancient to modern times.

关 键 词：天下观 华夷之辨 仁义 民族国家 文明国家论 

分 类 号：K203[历史地理—历史学]