南海观音:海上丝路与文明交流互鉴的共同印记  

The Goddess of Mercy of the South China Sea:The Common Imprint of the Maritime Silk Road and Exchanges and Mutual Learning among Civilizations

作　　者： WANG Chen-fa(Research Institue of Minnan Culture,Minnan Normal University,Jiangzhou 363000,China;China Tao Seminary,Penang 11600,Malaysia)

机构地区：[1]闽南师范大学闽南文化研究院,福建漳州363000 [2]马来西亚道理书院,马来西亚槟城11600

出　　处：《海南师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2022年第3期104-117,共14页Journal of Hainan Normal University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“多卷本全球客家通史”(17ZDA194)阶段性成果;国家侨联项目“闽南文化与马来西亚闽南人群体内外两‘乡’认同变迁研究”(19BZQK244)系列成果;福建省社会科学基地重大项目“侨乡文化与东南亚闽南人群体身份塑造研究”(FJ2018JD2051)。

摘　　要：15世纪以前,中华、天竺与南海诸邦长期共享的“南海观音”信俗,足以印证海丝沿线各族生存共同体,自古以来经历着长期的文明交流互鉴。古代南海诸邦盛行观音化身不空罥索菩萨的造型,更是以南海守护者的信俗,构成分别显迹在南印度“补旦洛迦山”和浙江“普陀山”的多元一体文化意象,覆盖了丝路海域的东西两端,表述着海丝沿线民众的精神相通。菩萨的造型身材矫健而多臂、手持不空罥索等各种法器,义理上象征了贤者能结合诸种方法,给予众生援手,也能反映由中华而南海诸邦,海陆商旅乃至君臣百姓,咸祈离苦得乐,风调雨顺。如此“南海观音”化象,既符合法华经系说的俗世救难,也符合弥陀经系度亡需要,并且相应密教经典强调现世求愿。因此,观音文化数世纪一直盛行南海诸国,并曾被末罗瑜等国奉为护国本尊,而中国也因应着不同宗派或思想角度,陆续出现各种观音经典和译本。自唐宋以来,中国汉传佛教更演变至将印度“南海”的补旦洛迦山翻译为“普陀山”,以至构成中华内地丰富的“南海观音”信俗,何尝不在说明中华民族与南海诸邦共同的愿景,是祈求海域各境天下太平,相守相成,水陆平安。Before the 15;century,the beliefs in and customs as to“the Goddess of Mercy of the South China Sea”long shared by China,Tianzhu and the states around the South China Sea are enough to prove that all ethnic groups along the Maritime Silk Road have shared a living community and have experienced long-term exchanges and mutual learning of civilizations since ancient times.The image of the Goddess of Mercy incarnated as Bukong Suo Bodhisattva prevalent in ancient states around the South China Sea,and based on the beliefs and customs of the guardians of the South China Sea,is represented as a multi-integrated cultural image traceble on“Budan Luojia Mountain”in South India and“Putuo Mountain”in Zhejiang,which covers the east and west ends of the Silk Road waters,and expresses the spiritual connection of the people along the Silk Road.The image of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva characterized by a vigorous body,multiple arms,and various dharma instruments in hand,symbolized philosophically that the sages could combine various methods to give a helping hand to all sentient beings.It also reflected that various persons from China and states around the South China Sea,whatever their social status or profession,prayed for relief from suffering,for happiness,and for a favorable weather.The practice of their beliefs reflects the common will of various persons from China as well as states along the Silk Road in the South China Sea,even inclusive of monarchs and ministers,for it is generally hoped that whatever calamities common people meet with,the Bodhisattva would always help people in any difficulty and give them a helping hand of different nature.Such a transformation of the“Avalokitesvara of the South China Sea”is not only in line with the secular salvation according to the Lotus Sutra,but also in line with the needs of the Amitabha Sutra to save the dead,and the corresponding esoteric classics emphasizing earthly aspirations.Therefore,Guanyin culture has been prevalent in states around the South China Sea for c

关 键 词：南海观音 《法华经》 不空罥索菩萨 观自在 法显与玄奘 密教 末罗瑜 南海诸邦 

分 类 号：K33[历史地理—历史学]