站立在运气王国之外:论笛卡尔的运气观  

Descartes’s Theory of Luck

作　　者：施璇[1] SHI Xuan

机构地区：[1]上海社会科学院哲学研究所

出　　处：《哲学分析》2022年第3期25-41,196,共18页Philosophical Analysis

基　　金：2018年度上海市曙光人才计划项目(项目编号:18SG56);2021年上海市哲学社会科学规划一般项目“笛卡尔的自然哲学及其当代价值研究”(项目编号:2021BZX004)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：笛卡尔继承了柏拉图等古希腊思想家对彻底自足的人类理性生活的构想,又吸纳了奥古斯丁等中世纪神学家对自由意志及其重要性的认可,在此基础上构建出自己独特的运气观,对后来的康德伦理学产生了重要的影响。笛卡尔的运气观可以归纳为以下四点:首先,笛卡尔主张运气是人们错用理性而产生的幻想,因此人们应当摈弃所谓运气的说法。其次,笛卡尔认为纯粹由物体组成的世界完全受命运所控,而命运就是不变的、必然的自然规则,因此人们应该在心理上顺应已知的自然规律。再者,笛卡尔提出人拥有自由意志,能够去选择是否听从理性的安排,唯有意志及其激发的行动才有道德价值,承担道德责任,因此道德与运气无关。最后,笛卡尔承认存在两种幸福——运气或命运带来的幸福以及全然取决于自己的幸福,他宣称以理性顺应命运并以意志拥抱德性才是掌握真正的由己幸福的力量所在。笛卡尔运气观存在一些理论缺陷,它单向地强调理性对运气的控制而回避运气对理性本身的影响,它又将道德责任、伦理判断乃至所有问题全都封闭在自我之中而缺失了改变社会环境的动机以及相关思考。尽管如此,笛卡尔的运气观仍然值得人深思。Descartes inherited Plato’s and other ancient Greek thinkers’conception of a completely self-sufficient human rational life,and absorbed the recognition of free will and its importance by medievaltheologians such as Augustine,and built his own unique theory on luck,which had an important influence onKant’s ethics.Descartes’theory on luck can be summarized into the following four points:First,Descartesadvocated that luck is an illusion caused by people’s misuse of reason,so people should abandon the so-called luck.Secondly,Descartes believed that a world composed purely of objects is completely controlled by fate,and fate means the invariable and inevitable laws of nature,so people should psychologically conform to theknown laws of nature.Furthermore,Descartes proposed that people have free will and can choose whether tofollow rational arrangements.Only the will and the actions it inspires can have moral value and bear moralresponsibility.Therefore,morality has nothing to do with luck.Finally,Descartes admitted that there are twokinds of happiness—the happiness brought by luck or fate and the happiness that depends entirely on one’s own.He declared that conforming to fate with reason and embracing virtue with will is the power to master the realhappiness of oneself.There are some theoretical flaws in Descartes’theory of luck.It unilaterally emphasizesthe control of luck by reason and avoids the influence of luck on reason itself.It also closes moral responsibility,ethical judgment and even all problems into the mind itself,without motivation of changing society.Nevertheless,Descartes’theory on luck still has some fascinating points,which are worth pondering.

关 键 词：笛卡尔 运气 命运 德性 幸福 

分 类 号：B1[哲学宗教—世界哲学]