康德的自然目的论批判与理性的自我理解  

Kant’s Critique of Natural Teleology and the Self-understanding of Reason

作　　者：贺磊 He Lei

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院

出　　处：《世界哲学》2022年第4期27-37,160,共12页World Philosophy

摘　　要：康德对自然目的论的批判既不是对传统自然目的论的简单拒斥,也不是对后者的重建或复兴,而本质上属于理性批判的工作。一方面,自然的目的论判断基于与目的论自我理解的类比,另一方面,机械因果解释威胁着后者的意义。康德对目的论判断力的考察揭示了人类认知活动未反思的前提,即理性自身的目的论特征。只有承认理性具有将自然中的个别存在理解为具有绝对统一性的目的的需要,对有机体的目的论判断才能得到证成。理性虽只能在道德—实践的运用中认识到具有实在性的绝对目的概念,但在对个别自然对象的反思中,判断力使道德—实践的自我认识以间接方式充当反思自然的基础。同时拥有两种反思自然的准则的判断力,造成了在理论理性和实践理性之间的一种过渡。自然目的论批判由此最终导向了一种理性的自我理解。Kant’s critique of natural teleology is neither a simple refutation nor a revival of traditional teleology but belongs essentially to the enterprise of his critique of reason. On the one hand,teleological judgments regarding nature are based on analogies with teleological self-understanding,the meaning of which,on the other hand,is threatened by mechanical explanations of nature. Kant’s examination of teleological judgments reveals the unreflected presupposition of human cognition,namely the teleological character of reason itself. Teleological judgments of organisms can only be justified by acknowledging that reason has the need to understand individual beings in nature as ends in the sense of absolute unities. While reason can cognize the concept of an absolute end that has reality only in its moral-practical use,the power of judgment makes this moral-practical self-knowledge,when confronted with special individuals in nature,indirectly lays the ground for its teleological reflection. The power of judgment,which at the same time possesses two maxims for its reflection upon nature,makes possible a transition from the theoretical to the practical reason. The critique of natural teleology leads finally to the self-understanding of reason.

关 键 词：康德 自然目的论 生命 技术 理性的自我理解 

分 类 号：B516[哲学宗教—外国哲学]