宾兴何为:清代中期的科举、国家与地方社会  

The Explanation of Binxing Funds: A Research on the Relationship among the Civil Examination, Central Government and the Local Society

作　　者：丁修真[1] Ding Xiuzhen

机构地区：[1]安徽师范大学历史学院,芜湖241000

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2022年第4期60-70,共11页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金第64批面上资助项目“明清科举经费研究”(批准号:2018M641591)的阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：清嘉庆、道光年间,资助士子科举赴试的地方宾兴组织开始大量出现。本文在检讨前人关于清代中期科举成本上升、科举竞争加剧等观点的基础上,通过对道光时期政府官员裕谦在湖北、江苏等地推广宾兴的考察,认为可以将该时期宾兴迅速发展的动力归结于国家因财政亏空而引发的治理成本转嫁。与此前的地方学田、家族内部助考相区别,宾兴成为一种社会趋势,需要面对不完善市场体系带来的诸多问题,必须重视国家在这一过程中的主动姿态与治理手段的变化。嘉道时期,包括宾兴在内的民间对于善、义的热情,深嵌于时代的经济结构之中。The share of social organization-Binxing Funds-, which financially support qualified candidates to participate the Chinese civil examination rapidly increasing in Jiaqing era and Daoguang era in Chinese Qing dynasty. This paper asks in which way does Binxing Funds contributes to finance these candidates and explores the reasons. Different from previous researches which indicate the rapid increasing share of Binxing Funds due to higher cost of participating civil examination or the strongly intensified competition in between, this paper argues that the main reason replies on central government’s deficit and tide budget, which lead to hardness to financially support candidates at the central government level, on the basis of analyzing research outcomes of Yu Qian, an officer in Daoguang era, who did significant investigation on the development of Binxing Funds in Hubei, Jiangsu area of China. It differentiates Binxing Funds from other financial sources for candidates except the central government, such as municipal support and benefit from the lineage, as a result of long-lasting social organization development. Nevertheless, it should be admitted that central government did efforts to facilitate the progress of Binxing Funds when it has to be dragged into market competition. It believes that social organization and local population have shown their enthusiasm in supporting the civil examination, which would be regarded as impetus in social-economic development of the society.

关 键 词：清代中期 宾兴 国家治理 科举 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学] D691.3[历史地理—中国史]