莱布尼茨的实验观及方法初探  

A Preliminary Probe into Leibniz’s Experiment View and Methods

作　　者：李立 LI Li(School of Philosophy,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学哲学学院,北京100875

出　　处：《自然辩证法研究》2022年第7期94-99,107,共7页Studies in Dialectics of Nature

摘　　要：由于莱布尼茨并非是一位典型的实验主义者,因此学界对其实验观关注不多。实际上,莱布尼茨不仅对那个时代的实验活动进行了深入思考,还构想出一系列使现象得到系统整理的实验方法。莱布尼茨的实验观主要包含三个原则:机械论原则、整体性原则和简单性原则。莱布尼茨主张将机械论原则作为实验的形而上学基础,以此来克服实验者对现象的各种神秘解释;他对现象与本质之间整体对应关系的强调,一方面将对物体本质的探究从散乱的感觉经验中解救出来,另一方面也说明其实验观在一开始便包含着克服机械论的线索;继之,莱布尼茨通过简单性原则处理了一些普遍困扰实验者的形而上学问题。最后,基于如上原则莱布尼茨提出了实验中的排列-组合法和分析法,以期通过对其在实验中恰当地运用达到对自然事物原因的认识,从而成为今日之德国科学观不同于英美科学观的重要思想源头之一。Since Leibniz was not a typical experimentalist, academic circles did not pay much attention to his experimental view. In fact, Leibniz not only thought deeply about the experimental activities of that era, but also conceived a series of experimental methods for the systematic ordering of phenomena. Leibniz’s experimental view mainly contains three principles: the principle of mechanics, the principle of integrity and the principle of simplicity. Leibniz advocated the mechanistic principle as the metaphysical basis for experiments, in order to overcome the various mystical interpretations of phenomena by experimenters;the emphasis on the overall correspondence between phenomenon and essence, on the one hand, frees the inquiry into the essence of objects from scattered sensory experience, and on the other hand it also shows that his experimental view contains clues to overcoming the mechanism from the very beginning. After this, through the principle of simplicity Leibniz dealt with some general metaphysical problems that plague experimenters. Finally, based on these principles, Leibniz proposed the permutation-combination method and the analysis method in the experiment, in order to achieve the understanding of the causes of natural things through their proper application in experiments. Thus it has become one of the important ideological sources of today’s German view of science, which is different from that of British and American views of science.

关 键 词：莱布尼茨 实验观 机械论 排列-组合法 

分 类 号：N031[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]