孟子生态哲学思想探赜  

An Exploration of Mencius’s Ecological Philosophy

作　　者：姚海涛 YAO Haitao(College of Marxism,Qingdao City University)

机构地区：[1]青岛城市学院马克思主义学院

出　　处：《南京林业大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2022年第4期43-58,67,共17页Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：2021年度山东省社会科学规划研究项目“稷下学派生态哲学思想研究”(21CPYJ13)。

摘　　要：儒家哲学是具有深层生态本质的哲学。深入剖析孟子思想,可厘清其具有人性本善、何必曰利、山水禽兽三大生态哲学思想维度。“人性本善”为孟子生态之思的逻辑起点,旁通物情,外推于自然界事事物物,通过主体反身内求,恢复情感生态,诚敬而行,实现情感生态与自然生态相向而行。“何必曰利”所彰显的义利之辨对于破除生态功利主义,矫正人类中心主义有重要价值,而个体生存中的寡欲意识则具有深刻易行的生态意味。“山水禽兽”蕴含三层含义。其一,关于水土与山木,包含了孟子对平治水土、人居环境的思考,更有其对牛山之木案例的沉痛反思。其二,孟子推恩于动物的主张,立足于人物之别的基础上,仁民爱物,恩及禽兽,寓示着深厚的动物关怀。至于动物驱离与渔猎限制,则具有现实可操作性。以羊易牛提供了一个有关动物关怀的极佳案例。人之推恩,可建立起人与动物的道德共同体。其三,遵循自然,因时乘势,证成一幅人与自然的生命共同体图景。孟子绾合心灵境界与现实方法的生态哲学思想,呈现出人文主义与整体主义特点,无论是其高深的生态境界还是其对具体的生态问题的解决策略,对于今天建立人与自然的生命共同体具有重要的启迪意义。Confucianism is a philosophy with deep ecological essence. An in-depth analysis of Mencius ’ s thought can clarify the three mentalities of his ecological philosophy,“Human nature is good,”“Why should we talk about profits?”and“landscape and animals”. The mentality of“Human nature is good.”is the logical starting point of Mencius’ s ecological thinking, which is extrapolated to the natural world. Emotional ecology is restored through the introspection of the subject to keep in harmony with natural ecology. The mentality of“Why should we talk about profits?”reveals the argumentation about righteousness and profit is of great value for the elimination of ecological utilitarianism and the correction of anthropocentrism, and reducing desire of individual, which is easy to carry out, has profound ecological implications. The mentality of“landscape and animals”contains three meanings. First, it refers to Mencius’ s thinking on the conservation of water and soil and on human’s living environment, especially his reflections on the“trees of Niu Shan”. Second, it refers to Mencius’ s proposition of loving people and cherishing all things in the world, including plants and animals.Animal expulsion and restrictions on fishing and hunting are operable practices. The case of“replacing the ox with a sheep”was an excellent example of animal care. Extensive benevolence is helpful in establishing a moral community of human and animal. Third, it means following the laws of nature and taking advantage of a favorable situation to establish a life community of human and nature. Mencius ’s ecological philosophy of interlacing mentality with practice presents the characteristics of humanism and holism. Mencius’ s profound ecological philosophy and his solutions to specific ecological problems have important enlightenment significance for the establishment of the life community of human and nature today.

关 键 词：孟子 生态哲学 人与自然 道德共同体 生命共同体 

分 类 号：X2[环境科学与工程—环境科学] B222.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]