“婚姻以时”:儒家婚礼诠释中的婚龄和婚期问题覆议  

Marrying in Time:on Marriage Age and Marriage Date in Confucian Interpretation of Wedding

作　　者：王国雨[1] Wang Guoyu

机构地区：[1]浙江传媒学院社科部,浙江杭州310018

出　　处：《中原文化研究》2022年第5期54-63,共10页The Central Plains Culture Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“经典诠释与哲学建构互动视域下的东周《诗》学研究”(20BZX057)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：儒家“婚姻以时”观体现着儒学对婚姻家庭和社会人伦秩序有序展开的关怀。“婚姻以时”的观念强调男女嫁娶要“及时”,初婚年龄不能“逾时”,否则即为“失时”。“男三十而娶,女二十而嫁”并非嫁娶之正年,而是“期尽之法”。汉儒以阴阳奇偶之数和大衍之数对婚龄的诠解,是不符合早期儒家观念和社会各阶层嫁娶实际的附会与引申。其次,经学史上所争论的婚期时月,即嫁娶之正期为秋冬还是仲春问题,应从习俗和礼俗角度理解,并非大传统礼制或诏令所规范的结果。受居住环境和农事生产影响,庶民阶层婚期多为季秋至孟春,仲春为杀礼以促成婚配之时。而贵族阶层不仅在婚期上“通于四时”,而且普遍早婚,无婚龄“失时”之忧。此外,针对民间“旷男怨女”的嫁娶“失时”现象,早期儒家有婚配救济的经学理念筹划,对后世婚姻救济的行政实践,产生了深远影响。Confucian humanistic care to marriage,family,and ethical order is adequately embodied in the traditional Chinese principles of“marrying in time”,whereby ancient Chinese people should marry in time and their age of first marriage should not be overdue,otherwise meant losing time for marriage.Men marry at the age of 30 and women at 20 is not their very age of marriage,but their deadline of marriage.Confucians in the Han Dynasty attribute marriage time based on both the parity of Yin-Yang and the number deduced from the universal law.This interpretation of the right age of marriage neither conforms with early Confucianism nor corresponds to the facts of marriage at that time.In addition,the appropriate marriage season,autumn-winter or mid spring for example,debated by the school of Confucian classics studies,is more of a conventional effect than a consequence of orthodox etiquette or imperial edicts.Normally,common people got married between the last month of autumn and the first month of spring next year,even in the second month of spring,during which the wedding etiquette could be exempted to facilitate more marriage.At the same time,people with noble blood typically got married early,free to marry in any month of a year,without concerns about losing time for marriage.Considering those marriageable but unmarried men and women,the early Confucianism had the idea of marriage remedy,and had a profound influence on the administrative practice of marriage remedy in later generations.

关 键 词：婚姻以时 儒家礼学 婚龄婚期 婚姻救济 

分 类 号：B21[哲学宗教—中国哲学]