浊气是否有理?——论朱熹理学中善与恶的宇宙论来源  

How Does Turbid Qi Have Pattern:The Cosmological Origin of Good and Evil in Zhu Xi’s Learning of Pattern

作　　者：卢盈华 Lu Yinghua

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学思勉人文高等研究院,上海200241

出　　处：《文史哲》2022年第5期121-133,167,168,共15页Literature,History,and Philosophy

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“王阳明的情感与心性哲学研究”(20CZX034)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在朱子思想中,天理(理一)与自然之理(分殊之理)的关系问题,特别是浊气是否以及如何有理的相关问题,需要得到厘清。如果浊气无理,则与朱子宇宙论中万物皆有其理的思想相悖;如果浊气有理,则理失去对气的规范作用。为了回答这个问题,我们需要仔细区分和解释不同类型的气与不同类型的理。如此,难题依然会出现:不同的理之间的关系是怎样的?既然天理和自然之理是连续一致的关系,为何作为秩序本身的天理是纯善的,而作为各种事物之秩序的自然之理不是纯善的?而如果自然之理不来自于天理,那么二者之间又出现断裂,与朱子思想相悖。天理既然纯善,又何以出现自然之恶?自然之善恶与人之善恶的来源分别是什么?首重认知心的横摄系统能否开出道德?天理的道德规范之内容是什么?文章的论述将围绕上述问题展开,并提出朱子理学开出自然法与自然权利的可能性。In Zhu Xi’s thought, the connection between Heavenly pattern and the principle of nature, particularly the question of whether and how turbid qi has li, needs to be carefully clarified. If turbid qi has no pattern, it is contrary to Zhu Xi’s cosmology that the myriad things all have their patterns. If turbid qi has pattern, li will lose its role in regulating qi. In order to answer this question, we need to carefully distinguish and explain different types of qi and li. In this way, the problem will still arise: what is the relationship between different patterns? Given that there is a continuity between Heavenly pattern and natural patterns, why is Heavenly pattern as the order itself purely good, while natural patterns as orders of various things are not purely good? If we understand these two to be totally separate without affinity, then there will be a rupture between these two and this will conflict with Zhu Xi’s basic theoretical structure. Since Heavenly pattern is purely good, why are there natural evils(earthquakes, tsunamis, and pests all have their patterns)? What is the origin of natural good and evil and human good and evil? Can the horizontal system that upholds cognitive mind lead to morality? What is the normative content of Heavenly pattern? The elucidation of this article will focus on the above-mentioned issues, and put forward the possibility to open up natural law and natural rights based on Zhu Xi’s philosophy.

关 键 词：朱熹 浊气 理学 秩序 宇宙论 善恶 

分 类 号：B244.7[哲学宗教—中国哲学]