揭阳闽语口语里的虚词“所”:事实描写与理论蕴涵  

The Particle So(所)in Colloquial Jieyang Min:Empirical Descriptions and Theoretical Implications

作　　者：邓盾 黄瑞玲 DENG Dun;HUANG Ruiling(Department of Chinese Languages and Literature at Tsinghua University;不详)

机构地区：[1]清华大学中文系 [2]陕西师范大学文学院/语言资源开发研究中心

出　　处：《当代语言学》2022年第5期673-689,共17页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“生成语法的汉语研究与新时代汉语语法理论创新”(18ZDA291)的资助。

摘　　要：本文考察揭阳闽语口语里虚词“所”的分布,并结合新报道的语料与其他相关事实,探讨虚词“所”的语法功能演变。揭阳闽语口语里的虚词“所”有两大类分布:一是前附于动词,与动词构成一个结构体。该结构体可单独充当判断句主语,也可与名词化标记“个”组合后充当判断句或非判断句主语以及定语。在上述每种用法下,该结构体都带有全称量化义。另一类分布是前加于“次/回”义的动量词“[le■]”,与该动量词组合后一起修饰谓语核心,对谓语动词所指称的事件进行全称量化。本文认为,包括揭阳闽语口语在内的后世各汉语系统中的不同虚词“所”,都与上古汉语的结构助词“所”存在渊源。为建立这些汉语系统中不同虚词“所”之间的关联,我们基于“所”的分布,利用生成语法的语类特征表示法,给出了相关汉语系统中作为不同虚词的“所”的语类特征表达式。借助这些表达式,我们展示了上古汉语的结构助词“所”在后世语法功能演变的具体表现:体词性降低、谓词性提升、论旨角色类型减少、虚化程度变高,即由名域虚词向动域虚词转变。The particle suo/so(所)is an important functional word in Chinese from the archaic period until today.A lot of literature has been devoted to it(Zhu 1983;Ting 2005;Yap and Wang 2011;Aldridge 2013;Deng 2019,2021).This paper attempts to make an empirical contribution to the investigation of the word.We report newly found facts about so from colloquial Jieyang Min(cJM henceforth),a variety of the Southern Min dialect.We show that so in cJM appears in two kinds of environments.In the first environment,it attaches to a verb and forms a constituent with it.The constituent has a universal quantificational reading and can function as the subject of a copula sentence all by itself.The constituent can also be followed by the nominalizer kai(个),and the resultant sequence can function as the subject of a non⁃copula sentence or the modifier of a nominal head,which still has a universal quantificational reading.The other environment in which so appears is a preverbal position with the verbal classifier leŋ‘time'.The constituent formed by so and leŋuniversally quantifies over the events denoted by the verb.To account for the two uses of so in cJM and various uses of suo in some other Chinese varieties,we propose that all the variants originate from the nominalizer suo in Archaic Chinese.Based on Chomsky(1970)and Grimshaw(2005),we propose the feature bundle“[+N,-V,θ_(IA)]F1”for the nominalizer.All the variants in later systems differ from the nominalizer by the values of the four components of their feature bundles,which explains the distributional differences among them.We show that suo undergoes grammatical change from a functional word in the nominal domain in Archaic Chinese to functional words in the verbal domain in later systems.This kind of grammatical change is also observed with the functional word de(的),another nominalizer in the language.

关 键 词：揭阳闽语 “所” 虚词 语法演变 普方古比较 

分 类 号：H177[语言文字—汉语]