心理定势现象的认知神经机制  

The Cognitive Neural Mechanisms of The Mental Set in Problem-Solving Behaviors

作　　者：王甲秀 黄福荣 Wang Jiaxiu;Huang Furong(School of Psychology,Jiangxi Normal University,Nanchang,330022)

机构地区：[1]江西师范大学心理学院,南昌330022

出　　处：《心理科学》2022年第3期561-566,共6页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31700956、32060194);中国博士后科学基金(2018M632598,2018T110657);江西省自然科学基金(20181BAB214010);江西省博士后科学基金择优资助项目(2018KY28);江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目的资助。

摘　　要：问题解决活动中的心理定势,是指人们固执地沿用熟悉方案、忽略其他方案的反应倾向。它可能源于人们已经掌握的陈述性知识,也可能源于程序性知识,两类不同来源的心理定势的发生条件和影响效果都不尽相同。然而,过往的研究都没有做出严格区分。本文通过梳理相关研究,描述心理定势现象,解释心理定势是怎么发生的,分析心理定势是在什么条件下发生的、会对心理与行为活动造成什么样的影响,从而评述两种来源的心理定势的认知神经机制,指出尚未解决的科学问题。Mental set represents a form of rigidity in which an individual behaves or believes in a certain manner.In the field of psychology,this effect has typically been examined in the process of problem solving and specifically refers to the brain’s tendency to stick with the most familiar solution and to stubbornly ignore alternatives,for people cannot quickly switch rules and tasks according to the situation or demands.One of the most famous examples is the so-called water jar problem,which was originally developed by Luchins.Eye-tracking technology revealed that the cognitive mechanism underlying this phenomenon was attentional bias.Previous knowledge likely directs attention toward relevant information and away from irrelevant information.Thus,the familiar solution that is consistent with the already activated knowledge is more likely to be chosen.According to which kinds of knowledge affects the problem-solving activities,we can distinguish the mental set derived from declarative knowledge and the mental set derived from procedural knowledge.For the mental set that is likely driven by prior knowledge,particularly expertise in a domain,both prior knowledge and a similar problem are considered the necessary factors to the perseveration of the mental set.Mental set always occurs only when people are confronted with a problem situation that is similar to previously experienced problems.The familiar solution that comes to mind first likely occupy attention and prevents people from finding alternative solutions.Even though previous knowledge related familiar solution cannot successfully solve the current problem,it is also likely to continuously compete attention with alternative solutions.If a problem situation is different from previous experiences,no cues will elicit retrieval of previously acquired knowledge and no attentional bias will occur.However,the mental set is also likely to be strengthened by repeated practice in a short time and can be interpreted as a temporary by-product of procedural learning.In parti

关 键 词：心理定势 知识经验 注意偏差 反应倾向 神经适应 认知失灵 

分 类 号：B842[哲学宗教—基础心理学]