读心的比较研究:非人灵长类与人类在心理理论上的异同点及其解释  

Comparative studies of mind reading:Similarities and differences in theory of mind between non-human primates and humans and corresponding explanations

作　　者：殷融[1] YIN Rong(School of Teacher Education,Weifang University,Weifang 261061,China)

机构地区：[1]潍坊学院教师教育学院,山东潍坊261061

出　　处：《心理科学进展》2022年第11期2540-2557,共18页Advances in Psychological Science

基　　金：山东省教育科学“十四五”规划课题2021QYB010资助。

摘　　要：利用非人灵长类开展比较研究是探索心理理论本质、起源和进化动因的重要途经。大量实证研究显示非人灵长类可以表现出一些基础心理理论成分,包括联合注意、意图理解和一级观点采择,这表明心理理论在灵长类动物的进化谱系中具有进化连续性。然而,非人灵长类无法像人类一样达成二级观点采择和错误信念理解,潜心智化假说、替代表征假说、最小限度心理理论假说和意识关系假说试图对此差异进行解释。尽管视角与具体内容不同,但这些假说都强调,非人灵长类无法对其他个体关于外部世界的心理信念形成表征,信念表征是非人灵长类与人类读心能力的重要分界点。未来研究需要重点澄清共享意图、语言机制以及社会生态环境因素与心理理论产生的相互影响作用。Comparative studies using non-human primates is an important way to explore the essence,origin and evolution of theory of mind.A large number of empirical studies have shown that non-human primates have some basic components of a theory of mind,including joint attention,goal understanding and perspective-taking,suggesting that theory of mind has evolutionary continuity in primate evolutionary lineages.However,non-human primates are unable to achieve second-order perspective selection and false belief understanding as humans do.The submentalizing hypothesis,vicarious representation hypothesis,minimal theory of mind hypothesis and awareness relations hypothesis attempt to explain the differences.Although specific views and perspectives vary,these theories all emphasize that non-human primates are unable to form representations of other individuals'mental beliefs about the external world,and that belief representation is an important dividing point between non-human primates and humans in mind reading.Future research needs to further clarify the interaction between shared intention,language mechanism,social ecological environment and theory of mind.

关 键 词：非人灵长类 心理理论 联合注意 观点采择 错误信念 

分 类 号：B844[哲学宗教—发展与教育心理学]