黄淮西部仰韶时代农业结构研究——来自河南石固和贾庄遗址的植硅体证据  

PREHISTORIC AGRICULTURE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT DURING THE PERIOD OF YANGSHAO CULTURE IN THE WESTERN HUANGHUAI PLAIN: PHYTOLITH EVIDENCE FROM THE SITES OF SHIGU AND JIAZHUANG, HENAN

作　　者：孙炳桂 杨玉璋[1] 罗武宏 程至杰 蓝万里 李全立 张居中[1] SUN Binggui;YANG Yuzhang;LUO Wuhong;CHENG Zhijie;LAN Wanli;LI Quanli;ZHANG Juzhong(Department for the History of Science and Scientific Archaeology,University of Science and Technology of"China,Hefei 230026;China Agricultural History and Culture Research Center,Norhwest A&F University,Yangling 712100;Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Zhengzhou 450000;Zhoukou Culural Relics and Archaeology Management Office,Zhoukou 466000)

机构地区：[1]中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系,合肥230026 [2]西北农林科技大学中国农业历史文化研究中心,杨凌712100 [3]河南省文物考古研究院,郑州450000 [4]河南省周口市文物考古管理所,周口466000

出　　处：《微体古生物学报》2022年第3期263-275,共13页Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41772172);中国科学院国际伙伴计划项目(132311KYSB20190008);中国科学技术大学新文科基金(YD2110002016)共同资助。

摘　　要：黄淮西部地处我国南北方不同新石器文化与农业类型的过渡地带,由于缺乏相关植物考古资料,目前学术界对于该地区仰韶文化早中期的农业结构及其演变过程尚不甚清楚。本文对河南省长葛市石固遗址和项城市贾庄遗址仰韶文化地层和灰坑土样进行了植硅体分析。结果显示,黄淮西北部的石固遗址仰韶文化早、中、晚三期(6398–5326 cal BP)样品中均存在丰富的黍(Panicum miliaceum)稃壳植硅体,同时兼有水稻(Oryza sativa)特征型植硅体以及粟(Setaria italica)稃壳植硅体。位于黄淮西南部的贾庄遗址仰韶文化早中期(6179–5745 cal BP)样品中同样发现较多黍稃壳植硅体以及粟稃壳及少量水稻的特征型植硅体。上述结果表明,黄淮西部在仰韶文化早期时已形成统一的以黍、粟为主的稻旱兼作农业模式,其中黄淮西北部延续了该地区裴李岗文化阶段以旱作为主的稻旱兼作的农业传统,而黄淮西南部则从贾湖文化时的单一稻作农业发展为稻旱兼作农业,且这一转变发生的时间不晚于距今6200年。此外,在6000 a BP前后,石固遗址农作物结构曾发生明显变化,表现为旱地作物黍、粟的比重显著上升。最后,两处遗址中发现的水稻植硅体均以水稻颖壳的双峰型植硅体为主,表明黄淮西部仰韶文化时水稻的收割方式应是以割穗为主。本研究为了解黄淮西部仰韶早中期农业结构及其演变过程以及农作物的收割方式等提供了新的资料。The western Huanghuai Plain lies between the northern and southern China, where different types of crops were cultivated since the Neolithic period. However, due to the lack of archaeobotanical data, the agriculture and its developing process during the early and middle periods of Yangshao Culture in this area are poorly understood. In this paper, soil samples from two Yangshao Culture sites in the western Huanghuai Plain, namely Shigu(6398–5236 cal BP)and Jiazhuang(6179–5745 cal BP), were subjected to phytolith analysis. Our study identified phytoliths such as broomcorn millet(Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet(Setaria italica) and rice(Oryza sativa) at the sites of Shigu and Jiazhuang. In addition, quantitative analysis reveals that phytoliths from broomcorn millet were the dominant type at both sites. These findings suggest that the mixed farming of rice and millet was practiced in the western Huanghuai area during the early period of the Yangshao Culture. The continuity of the agricultural pattern is detected by comparing the findings at Shigu and the earlier Peiligang Culture sites in the northwest Huanghai Plain, while the agricultural pattern transformed from rice farming to mixed farming of rice and millet no later than 6200 years ago in the southwest of Huanghuai plain, according to the archaeobotanical evidence at Jiahu and Jiazhuang. Our results also show that a significant change happened in the crop exploitations around 6000 a BP, because the proportion of broomcorn millet and foxtail millet rose significantly at Shigu. Moreover, the identified double-peaked phytoliths account the most among the all types of phytoliths from rice, implying that rice plants were harvested by cutting their panicles during the Yangshao Culture period in the research region. This study provides new insights into the farming structure and its developing process, and the adopted method for rice harvesting during the Yangshao Culture period in the western Huanghuai Plain.

关 键 词：植硅体 农业结构 收割方式 仰韶文化 黄淮西部 

分 类 号：S-09[农业科学] K878[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]