瓜州东千佛洞第2窟元代风格觅迹  

Textual Research on the Artistic Style of Yuan Dynasty in Guazhou Eastern Thousand-Buddha Cave 2

作　　者：魏平 杨富学[2] Wei Ping;Yang Fuxue

机构地区：[1]郑州大学美术学院 [2]敦煌研究院人文研究部

出　　处：《西夏研究》2022年第4期93-100,共8页Xixia Research

基　　金：敦煌研究院院级课题重点项目“敦煌晚期石窟的分期与断代”(项目批准号:2020-SK-ZD-01)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：瓜州东千佛洞第2窟乃敦煌晚期石窟的代表作之一,壁画内容丰富,汉藏并举,学界均言其为西夏窟,实则为元代窟。窟中九尊式顶髻尊胜佛母曼荼罗壁画中白伞盖佛母和青色金刚手菩萨具有元代密教特征;东千佛洞第2窟的壁画配置与西藏扎达托林寺白殿绘塑配置如出一辙,由此或可推断托林寺白殿与东千佛洞第2窟前室壁画受同一宗教仪轨影响下而成;中心柱两侧度母具有14世纪的夏鲁风格特点;药师佛与施甘露度母下方的饿鬼出现南宋风俗画中的婴戏形象;窟中壁画以蓝青绿色为主,与西夏石窟以红(土红)为主的格调相悖,却与元代崇尚蓝青绿色的基本色调相符;水月观音侍从的衣冠道教元素增多,与山西芮城永乐宫和洪洞广胜下寺的道教、佛教壁画有诸多近似之处。凡此种种,皆可为此窟之元代说提供有力的佐证。Eastern Thousand-Buddha Cave 2 in Guazhou is one of the representative works of the late period of Dunhuang grottoes.The murals are rich in content,with both Han and Tibetan Buddhism.The academic circles say that it belongs to Xixia(1038-1227),but the truth is contrary.The White Hall of Drathang Temple in Tibet was rebuilt in the 15th to the 16th century,and its murals are identical to those of the Eastern Thousand-Buddha Cave 2.It can be inferred that the murals in the White Hall of Drathang Temple and the front chamber of Cave 2 of the Eastern Thousand-Buddha Caves were influenced by the same religious ritual;the Uṣṇīṣa vijaya and Sitātapatra in Eastern Thousand-Buddha Cave 2 has the characteristics of Yuan Dynasty tantric;Tara on both sides of central-pillar with 14th century Charo artistic style;the hungry ghost under the Bhaiṣajyagu-ruvaidūryaprabhāsa and Tara appear baby-play figure in the Southern Song Dynastic genre painting;the murals in the grottoes are mainly bluish green,which are contrary to the characteristics of typical Xixia cave arts,but coincide with the basic colors advocated by the Yuan Dynasty;the dress of attendants around Water-moon Avalokiteśvara increased Taoist elements;this art phenomenon have many similarities with Taoism,Buddhism murals in the Yongle Palace in Ruicheng and the Lower Guang-sheng Temple in Hongtong both of Shanxi Province.All of these can provide strong evidence for the artistic style of the Yuan Dynasty.

关 键 词：东千佛洞第2窟 元代绘画 西夏石窟 藏传佛教 

分 类 号：K879.41[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K247[历史地理—历史学]