眼睛效应不稳定与感知规范:一个新视角  

Instability of the watching eyes effect and perceived norms:A new perspective

作　　者：时慧颖 汤洁 刘萍萍[1,2] SHI Huiying;TANG Jie;LIU Pingping(CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health,Institute of Psychology,Beijing 100101,China;Department of Psychology,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院心理健康重点实验室(中国科学院心理研究所),北京100101 [2]中国科学院大学心理学系,北京100049

出　　处：《心理科学进展》2022年第12期2718-2734,共17页Advances in Psychological Science

基　　金：中国科学院与日本学术振兴会共同研究资助项目(No.GJHZ2095);国家自然科学基金面上项目(No.72174194);中国科学院心理研究所科研项目(No.Y9CX391008,E2CX3315CX)。

摘　　要：眼睛效应指人们面对眼睛或类似眼睛的图案时会发生行为改变的现象。但是,眼睛效应的稳健性备受争议,主要有4种观点:促使人们更亲社会、更遵守社会规范、降低反社会行为、无效果。结合规范错觉和创新扩散理论,基于感知规范的视角,当感知亲社会规范流行程度较高时,眼睛效应既会“促进亲社会行为”或“促进人们遵守社会规范”,也会“降低反社会行为”;但当感知亲社会规范流行程度较低时,眼睛效应对一些反社会行为“无效果”;当规范错觉较大且无规范干预时,眼睛效应同样对一些反社会行为无效果。因此,将以上4种争议观点整合为“不同感知规范条件下的眼睛效应”,揭示了眼睛效应不稳定的原因,为未来实证研究和实践应用提供理论基础。The watching eyes effect refers to a phenomenon that individual’s behavior changes in response to images of watching eyes.However,the robustness of watching eyes effect remains controversial.There are four main views related to the watching eyes effect:1)promoting more pro-social;2)promoting more compliance with social norms;3)reducing anti-social behaviors;and 4)having no effect.Combining the normative misperception theory with the innovation diffusion theory,and taking the perspective of perceived norms,we review that when the prevalence of perceived prosocial norms is high,the watching eyes effect can not only“promote pro-social behaviors”or“promote more compliance with social norms”,but also“reduce anti-social behaviors”.However,when the prevalence of perceived prosocial norms is low,the watching eyes effect has no effect on some anti-social behaviors.When the normative misperception is high without normative intervention,the watching eyes effect has no impact on some anti-social behaviors.Therefore,the present review integrates four controversial views into the“watching eyes effect under different perceived norms”,which reveals the reasons for the robustness of the watching eyes effect,and provides a theoretical mechanism and practical application for future empirical research.

关 键 词：眼睛效应 感知 社会规范 规范错觉 创新扩散 

分 类 号：B842[哲学宗教—基础心理学]