求真实以黜名辩——《论六家要指》名家论之哲学分析  

Seeking the Truth to Cancel the Names and Debates——The Philosophical Analysis of the Ming School Criticism in the Article Main Points of the Six Schools

作　　者：李若晖 Li Ruohui

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国学院,北京100872

出　　处：《中州学刊》2022年第11期115-124,共10页Academic Journal of Zhongzhou

基　　金：教育部人文社科后期资助项目“《论六家要指》研究”(21JHQ028)。

摘　　要：名家实质上在“名实相符”的名义下构建了两种截然不同的“真”:一是“名”与现实之“物”的相符,这也是通常所认为的“名实相符”;另一则是将“名”本身作为一“物”,将“真”理解为“名”与“名作为物”自身相符,这是名家独特的理解。在此,“名”是“物”的“形式规定”,“实”是“物”的“存在形式”,当“物”的形式规定来规定“物”的存在形式,就必然会形成“物”的形式性存在。名家将“名”自身作为“物”,亦即“物”的单纯形式性存在,取消了真正的现实之“物”在名学理论体系中的位置,从而与经验脱离,亦即名实割裂。于是事实上名家由非经验性概念在并无矛盾的逻辑思维中,通过关联经验的事实的推理,构造出悖经验性命题。司马谈指出,这种悖经验性命题的致命之处即在于“失真”,既关涉经验从而无法纯从逻辑上判断其“真值”,又“名”“实”割裂从而无法从经验上判断其“真实”。司马谈通过将经验还原入概念之内,将名学改造为“合经验性命题”。这固然使名学能够顺利指导政治实践,却彻底摧毁了名学的灵魂,仅仅留下了工具性的框架和躯壳。In essence,the Ming School constructed two different kinds of“reality”under the name of“conformity between name and actuality”.One was the conformity of the“name”with the“thing”of reality,commonly thought of as the“conformity of name and actuality”;the other regarded the“name”itself as a“thing”,and understood“reality”as the conformity of the‘name’with the‘name as a thing’itself,which was the unique understanding of the Ming School.Here,“name”was the formal specification of“thing”,and“actuality”was the“form of existence”of“thing”.When the form prescriptions of the“thing”stipulated the existence form of“thing”,it inevitably led to the formal existence of“thing”.The Ming School defined the name itself as a“thing”,i.e.,the mere formal existence of the“thing”.This removed the place of the real existence of“thing”from the theoretical system of the theory of Ming,thus detaching it from experience,i.e.,separation of name from reality.The Ming School then constructed paradoxical propositions from non-empirical concepts in a logical mind that was not contradictory and through the reasoning of the connected empirical facts.The fatal aspect of this paradoxical empirical proposition,as Sima Tan pointed out,was that it was“unreal”,as it related to experience and thus couldn’t be judged purely logically as“true value”,and that the“name”and“actuality”were separated,thus making it impossible to determine the“reality”of the proposition.By reducing experience to concepts,Sima Tan transformed the theory of Ming into an“empirical proposition”.While this enabled the theory of Ming to successfully guide political practice,it completely destroyed the soul of the theory of Ming,leaving behind only an instrumental framework and shell.

关 键 词：名学 名 真 实 俭 

分 类 号：B248.2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]