英国的工业落伍与技术人才政策调整(1900—1950年)  

British Industrial Backwardness and Adjustment of Science and Technology Talent Policy in the First Half of the 20th Century

作　　者：张瑾[1,2] Zhang Jin

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学历史学院 [2]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《学海》2022年第6期116-123,共8页Academia Bimestris

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“英美科技人才发展及其政策比较研究(1950—2000)”(项目号:17CSS034)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：作为工业革命的起源国,英国在科技发展史上占有重要的地位,英国科学家及其科技成果对现代经济社会有着突出贡献。20世纪上半叶英国政府未能适时调整科技教育政策和科技发展政策,导致教育和科技事业落后,在国际上失去竞争力。“一战”后英国政府虽然意识到教育和科技的落后局面并力图改善,但因重视不够、投资不足和决策失误等原因而错失良机。20世纪上半叶英国的科技人才政策处于起步阶段,国家层面的引导不成熟、不系统。尽管如此,作为科技活动主体的科技人才发展并没有受到局限。英国皇家学会等组织和各行业的科技人才的数量和质量都有一定程度提升,对英国经济和社会的发展起到支撑作用。As the origin country of the industrial revolution,Britain plays an important role in the history of science and technology development,and British scientists and their scientific and technological achievements have made outstanding contributions to the modern economy and society.In the first half of the 20 th century,the British government failed to adjust science and technology education policies and technology development policies,which led to the backwardness of education and technology and the loss of international competitiveness.After World War I,the British government realized the backwardness of education and technology and tried to improve it,but it missed the opportunities due to insufficient attention,inadequate investment and poor decision-making.In the first half of the 20 th century,Britain’s science and technology talent policy was in its infancy,and the guidance at the national level was immature and unsystematic.Despite this,the development of science and technology talent as the main body of science and technology activities has not been limited.The quantity and quality of science and technology talent in organizations such as the Royal Society and industries have been improved to a certain extent,which has played a supporting role in the development of the British economy and society.

关 键 词：20世纪英国 工业衰落 技术人才政策 科技教育 

分 类 号：F456.1[经济管理—产业经济] C964.561[经济管理—人力资源管理]