陕北南部史前生业经济初探——以北洛河上游考古调查出土动物遗存为例  

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PREHISTORIC SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF NORTHERN SHAANXI:ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM FIELD SURVEYS IN THE UPPER BEILUOHE RIVER VALLEY

作　　者：王倩雯 吴祎[1,2] 黄泽贤 宗天宇 翟林霖 李悦 WANG Qianwen;WU Yi;HUANG Zexian;ZONG Tianyu;ZHAI Linlin;LI Yue(School of Cultural Heritage,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,Shaanxi;The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation Technology,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,Shaanxi)

机构地区：[1]西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安710127 [2]西北大学文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室,陕西西安710127

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2022年第6期1709-1722,共14页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(批准号:18CKG024);“中华文明探源工程”研究项目课题“北方长城地带文明进程研究”(批准号:2020YFC1521601);教育部哲学社会科学研究重大专项项目(批准号:2022JZDZ026)共同资助。

摘　　要：陕北地区是研究中华文明起源的重要区域。有关陕北地区史前时期生业经济的研究目前集中于北部的无定河与秃尾河流域,南部的资料仍然缺乏。本研究以2019年、 2021年陕北南部北洛河上游区域系统调查所获仰韶时代至龙山时代的动物遗存为研究对象,分析动物种属、年龄结构、数量比例,探讨陕北南部史前时期生业经济的发展变化。研究表明,北洛河上游仰韶时代先民的肉食来源以家养动物为主(NISP:72.51%, MNI:71.22%),辅以其他野生动物(NISP:27.49%, MNI:28.78%);龙山时代家养动物(NISP:71.03%, MNI:63.46%)仍居主体地位,出现新的动物种类——羊(NISP:19.72%, MNI:17.53%),且占比较高。结合无定河与秃尾河流域的相关材料,陕北地区南、北部史前时期的生业经济整体上具有一致性,即都呈现畜牧经济逐渐发展的趋势。但龙山时代存在一定的差异,即牛、羊出现后,陕北南部的北洛河上游仍以猪(NISP:44.33%, MNI:36.54%)为主,羊的比例仅次于猪,而北部无定河、秃尾河流域的羊(MNI:27.94%)数量比例超过家猪(MNI:18.33%)。对陕北南部史前动物遗存与生业经济的研究尚属首次,为全面认识陕北地区史前时期的古代人地关系与文明演进提供了重要材料。Northern Shaanxi is crucial to investigating the origins of Chinese civilization. Previous research into prehistoric subsistence economy in this region has largely focused on its northern part, whereas limited work has been done on the southern part, which constrains the overall understanding of the Northern Shaanxi region.The upper Beiluohe River valley, located in the southern margin of the Chinese Loess Plateau, is an important area for understanding the evolution of prehistoric cultures and human-land interactions in Northern Shaanxi. In 2019 and 2021, the School of Cultural Heritage at Northwest University, the Yan’an Institute of Cultural Relics, the Wuqi Cultural Relics Management Administration and the Zhidan Cultural Relics Management Administration conducted systematic field surveys in the upper Beiluohe River valley. In this study, we analyze animal remains collected from 22 sites, dated to the Yangshao and Longshan periods, during this survey.Results show that the number of identified species(NISP)of the assemblage is 132 and the minimum number of individuals(MNI)is 53. During the Yangshao period, domestic animals(NISP:72.51%;MNI:71.22%), including pigs and dogs, were the major sources of meat for the residents in the upper Beiluohe River valley, supplemented by some wild animals(NISP:27.49%;MNI:28.78%). In the following Longshan period, domestic animals(NISP:71.03%;MNI:63.46%)continued to play a dominant role, with caprines(NISP:19.72%;MNI: 17.53%)accounting for a relatively high proportion. Combined with archaeobotanical data, the subsistence economy in the southern part of Northern Shaanxi from Yangshao period to Longshan period was mainly animal husbandry and crop cultivation. Domestic animals played an increasingly important role in meat consumption of prehistoric residents in this region.Along with the data from the Wuding River and Tuwei River valleys, we infer that the northern and southern parts of Northern Shaanxi were by and large consistent in terms of prehistoric subsistence economy, bo

关 键 词：史前时期 北洛河上游 陕北南部 动物遗存 生业经济 

分 类 号：K871.13[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] Q915[历史地理—历史学]