论齐物说及相应治道思想在先秦道家中的演变  

The Evolution of Pre-Qin Taoism’s Qiwu Theory and the Idea of Governing

作　　者：陈徽[1] Chen Hui(Department of Philosophy,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China)

机构地区：[1]同济大学哲学系,上海200092

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2022年第6期25-35,112,共12页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“道家政治哲学研究”(项目批准号:20BZX050);上海市哲学社科规划“冷门‘绝学’和国别史等研究专项”课题“出土简、帛文献与道家思想从先秦至汉代的衍变”(项目批准号:2018ZJX008)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在晚周流行的齐物诸说中,道家之说最为系统与深刻,在治道上的影响也尤其深远。道家的齐物观发轫于老子的“道法自然”思想,它首先意味着一种以均平、公正之心观物与应物的基本立场。基于此立场,先秦道家皆主张君主无为而治,以万物自化为至治理想。不过,先秦道家对于齐物内涵的理解及其治道之说也存在着耐人寻味的演变:在老子,他本着“齐物”之心充分肯定了万物的自我成就能力;在庄子,他在顺承老子思想的同时,进而将至治之成描述为“藏天下于天下”,且谓此“藏”是“公天下”的表现;至黄老道家,尽管他们仍不乏包容万物之心和与众共治的理想,但在列国竞争日益激烈的时势下,学者对于齐物的理解也逐渐趋于功利化和法家化,以至产生了“齐万不同”的专制之论。齐物内涵和相应治道观念的这种演变,既与道家思想自身演绎的逻辑性有关,也是它对天下趋于一统之势回应的结果。Among various qiwu theories prevalent in the late Zhou Dynasty,the Taoist theory was the most systematic and profound,and has a far-reaching influence on the thought of later governance.Taoism’s view of qiwu originated from Laozi’s thought of“Tao fa zi ran(Tao naturally follows itself)”,which firstly means a basic standpoint of viewing things and responding to things with an even and just mind.Based on this position,the pre-Qin Taoism all advocated that the monarch should“wu wei er zhi”(govern by doing nothing that goes against nature)and take“self-realization of things”as the most ideal governance.However,the pre-Qin Taoism’s understanding of the meaning of qiwu and its corresponding concept of governance also had a thought-provoking evolution:for Laozi,he fully affirmed the ability of self-realization of all things in the spirit of qiwu.As for Zhuangzi,while following Laozi’s thought,he further described perfect governance as“hiding the world in the world,”and that“hiding”is the expression of“a just world.”As the theory passed down to Huanglao-Taoism,they were still tolerant of all things and embraced the ideal of“governing with all people,”but with the increasingly fierce inter-nation competition,scholars’understanding of qiwu gradually tended to be on the side of utilitarian and Legalist.They even put forward the theory of autocracy of“qi wan bu tong(unifing everything).”These changes were not only based on the logic of Taoist thoughts,but also demonstrated an active response to the trend of unification of the whole country.

关 键 词：老子 庄子 黄老道家 齐物 治道 

分 类 号：B223[哲学宗教—中国哲学]