正义的双重性及人为德性的塑造——论麦金泰尔对休谟正义论难题的阐释  

The Duality of Justice and the Moulding of Human Virtue——Reflections on MacIntyre’s Interpretation of Hume’s Theory of Justice

作　　者：朱欣 ZHU Xin(Beijing University of International Business and Economics)

机构地区：[1]对外经济贸易大学国际关系学院

出　　处：《华中科技大学学报（社会科学版）》2022年第6期42-49,共8页Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：对外经济贸易大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(20QD09)。

摘　　要：休谟的正义观具有双重性:正义产生的动机具有条件性和特殊性,而正义作为规范具有无条件性和普遍性。麦金泰尔认为二者之间存在逻辑上无法跨越的鸿沟,但他误解了休谟正义论的双重基础,即自利和同情。一方面,正义的原初动机是开明自利而非理性利己主义;另一方面,同情作为一种传导机制,与人自然性情的偏私性相契合,在正义规则建立后,人的自然同情就会转化为“以旁观者为中心”的广泛同情,达至不偏不倚的道德判断;在此基础上,人们的道德感与间接情感结成一体,形成对他人的人格概念,进而通过与“自我”的关联实现对性格的省察,在道德感指引下的自尊成为正义的道德动机,麦金泰尔所谓动机与规范之间的距离由此消除。Hume’s theory of justice has two faces:the original motive of justice is conditional and particular,while justice,as a norm,is unconditional and universal.MacIntyre claims that the gap between them is logically unbridgeable.But MacIntyre misunderstands the dual foundations of Hume’s theory of justice,namely the concepts of self-interest and sympathy.On one hand,the original motive of justice is enlightened self-interest rather than irrational egoism;On the other hand,sympathy,as a transmission mechanism,corresponds to the partiality of human nature.After the rules of justice are established,natural sympathy will be transformed into extensive sympathy and reach the impartial moral judgment.On this basis,people fully integrate the moral sentiments with the indirect passions to form conceptions of one another.Finally,through associating the conception of persons with the self,people realize the review of their own character and construct the moral motivation of justice,thus eliminating the distance between motivations and norms of justice.

关 键 词：休谟 正义 自利 同情 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学]