拉伍洛克盖娅假说的困境与拉图尔的重构  

Dilemma of Gaia Hypothesis and Latour's Reconstruction

作　　者：刘魁[1] 任文雅 LIU Kui;REN Wenya(School of Marxism,Southeast University)

机构地区：[1]东南大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《南京林业大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2022年第6期1-13,共13页Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“21世纪马克思主义的生态政治理论发展趋向研究”(19BKS077)。

摘　　要：自拉伍洛克提出盖娅假说以来,该假说便遭遇“神话”“伪科学”“目的论”之类的斥责,一度陷入严重困境。为此,拉伍洛克与马古利斯等曾多次进行修改与完善,但仍然争议不断。值得注意的是,法国哲学家拉图尔从非现代性视角出发,以行动者网络理论为基石,重构了盖娅假说,把盖娅从地球整体重构为地球其中的关键带部分,进而对当代全球生态危机提出了自己的应对策略。在拉图尔看来,当代生态危机的根源在于人类的现代性二元思维,把自然与社会、人类与非人类对立起来,既忽视了自然与非人类万物存在的行动者特征,更忽视了自然与社会、人类与非人类的行动者网络特征;在人类世的时代,仍然幻想回到没有人类干预的原初自然时代。为此,他提出了非现代性的治理方案,强调关注人类和非人类、尤其是人类与盖娅的互动作用。无疑,拉图尔对盖娅假说的改进具有极大的创造性,开辟了生态治理的新视域。但是,他对盖娅假说的重构也引起了争议,尤其把全球生态危机的根源归结为人类的现代性思维方式问题,忽视了其中的石化经济、资本利润追求等因素,把复杂的生态危机问题简单处理,尚需进一步探究。Since Lovelock proposed the Gaia hypothesis,it has been subjected to criticisms such as“myth”,“pseudoscience”,“teleology”,and once fell into a dilemma.Lovelock,Margulis and other scholars have revised and improved it several times,but it is still controversial.It is noteworthy that the French philosopher Latour has reconstructed the Gaia hypothesis from a non-modern perspective,taking the Actor-Network Theory as the cornerstone.He defined Gaia as the critical zone of the Earth instead of the Earth as a whole and then proposed his own strategies to cope with contemporary global ecological crises.In Latour's view,the root cause of contemporary ecological crises lies in the modern dualistic mentality of human beings.The opposition of nature and society,human and non-human,ignores not only the actor characteristics of nature and non-human,but also the actor network characteristics of nature and society,human and non-human.In the Anthropocene era,there is still a fantasy of returning to the original natural era without human intervention.Latour proposed a non-modern solution emphasizing the interactive role of human and non-human,especially the interaction between human and Gaia.Undoubtedly,Latour's refinement of the Gaia hypothesis is highly creative and opens up a new horizon of ecological governance.However,his reconstruction of the Gaia hypothesis has also aroused controversy.In particular,he simplified complex ecological crises by attributing the root cause of global ecological crises to human's modern mentality and ignoring the petrochemical economy,the pursuit of capital profits,etc.,which needs further investigation.

关 键 词：拉伍洛克 拉图尔 盖娅假说 行动者网络理论 生态危机 非现代性 人类世 

分 类 号：B82-058[哲学宗教—伦理学]