二里头贵族阶层酿酒与饮酒活动分析:来自陶器残留物的证据  

Brewing and Serving Alcoholic Beverages to Erlitou Elites of Prehistoric China: Residue Analysis of Ceramic Vessels

作　　者：贺娅辉 赵海涛 刘莉 许宏[4] HE Yahui

机构地区：[1]河南大学历史文化学院,河南开封475001 [2]斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 [3]斯坦福大学考古中心 [4]中国社会科学院考古研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《中原文物》2022年第6期30-44,共15页Cultural Relics of Central China

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“二里头遗址宫殿区考古发掘报告(2010—2017)”(批准号:18AKG003);国家重点研发计划项目“中华文明探源研究:中原和海岱地区文明进程”(编号:2020YFC1521602);国家文物局“考古中国·夏文化研究”(文物保函[2020]250号)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：中国青铜时代以青铜礼器的出现为重要特征,主要器形为爵、盉等酒器,很可能在祭祀宴饮活动中使用,使用这些器物的人群具有较高的社会身份。这些青铜器是模仿同类陶礼器铸造而成,而从陶礼器向青铜礼器的转变发生在二里头遗址。这类陶礼器常被认为与酒相关,但是目前缺少科学分析以了解其功能。在本文中,我们通过对从二里头遗址中出土的16件陶器样品进行残留物分析以检验酿酒与饮酒的直接证据。分析结果显示,曲被用作糖化发酵剂,大口尊用于半固态发酵酿酒,尊用于储酒,鬶和盉用于温酒和备酒,爵用于饮酒。其中,曲的原料包括红曲霉和草曲。发酵原料主要是水稻和小麦,并包括黍、薏苡、栝楼根等植物。水稻和小麦应不是伊洛河流域的主要农作物,其少量种植可能具有特殊用途,包括作为贡品被二里头高等级人群用于酿酒。这项研究表明,二里头宫殿区具有举行宴饮活动的功能,是贵族阶层在特定的空间场合利用礼仪性器具提供特殊酒饮。这类宴饮活动可用来展示其社会地位、财富和权力,或实现与各种社会群体结盟的目的。这种以酒饮为核心内容的贵族宴饮活动及其相关的强调社会等级价值观念的发展,是中国早期国家形成过程中的一个重要特征。The Bronze Age in China is characterized by the appearance of bronze ritual vessels, such as gui and he pitchers and jue cups, which were likely used in ritual feasting events and considered as symbols of high social status. Their forms imitate similar ceramic vessels made of white clay. This transformation of such ceramic vessels into their bronze counterparts took place at the Erlitou site in the Yiluo basin, north China(ca. 1,800–1,500 BC). Such pottery types are commonly regarded as alcohol-related vessels, but there is a lack of scientific analysis of organic remains on vessels’ interior surfaces to understand their functions. In this study, we analyzed microfossil remains on 16 ceramic vessels unearthed from Erlitou and discovered direct evidence of the production and consumption of fermented beverages that were prepared using qu starter as a saccharification agent. Dakouzun wide-orifice vats may have been used for fermentation, likely in semi-solid-state fermentation conditions;zun narrow-orifice jars for storage;gui and he pitchers for heating and/or pouring the beverages;and jue cups for drinking. Monascus molds and herbs were probably used to make qu starter. Fermentation ingredients were primarily rice and wheat, sometimes mixed with broomcorn millet, Job’s tears, roots of snake gourd, among other plants. Rice and wheat were minor crops in the region,probably cultivated for special uses and received by the Erlitou elites as tributary items for making alcoholic beverages. This research demonstrates that the palatial area at Erlitou was used for feasting activities and luxury drinks with prestige utensils were served in these socially exclusive spaces, which emphasized social status, wealth, and power or in the purpose of building allies among different social groups. The development of such elite feasting activities, alcoholic beverages, and the accompanied social values coincided with increased social differentiation at the time of early state formation.

关 键 词：淀粉粒 植硅体 红曲霉 酵母 曲 水稻 小麦 白陶 

分 类 号：K876.3[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]